tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16441294938006737732024-03-19T05:36:46.527-07:00Agus Eka SetiabudiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-51105161762201491502013-01-13T23:22:00.000-08:002013-01-14T01:19:12.328-08:00Kepunahan Hewan<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/%09%0Ahttp://www.ziddu.com/download/21340557/presentasioke.rar.html" target="_blank">
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</span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memburu secara liar
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan iklim </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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tidak bisa ditebak juga berperan terhadap punahnya binatang. Seperti punahnya
dinosaurus yang tidak dapat bertahan hidup karena perubahan iklim.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/%09%0Ahttp://www.ziddu.com/download/21340557/presentasioke.rar.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD PPT</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-2652463165272162202013-01-11T06:52:00.002-08:002013-01-11T06:56:31.254-08:00Tata Surya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tata surya merupakan susunan benda langit
( planet, komet, meteor, asteroid, bintang, dsb) yang mengelilingi matahari.
Tata surya tersebut hanyalah satu dari jutaan bintang yang tergabung dalam
kelompok bintang yang dikenal dengan nama galaksi. </span>Planet adalah benda
angkasa dalam tata surya yang mengelilingi matahari pada lintasan tertentu.
Peredaran planet mengelilingi matahari disebut revolusi, sedangkan waktu yang
dibutuhkan planet untuk melakukan sekali revolusi disebut kala revolusi. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.3pt; text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/%20%20%09%0Ahttp://www.ziddu.com/download/21317503/makalahTATASurya.rar.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-90320969962498720962013-01-11T05:19:00.001-08:002013-01-11T06:56:06.708-08:00NEGARA URUGUAY<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uruguay merupakan salah satu negara yang paling ekonomis Amerika
Selatan, dengan PDB per kapita yang tinggi dan kualitas tertinggi ke-52 indeks
kehidupan di dunia pada 2010, dan paling tinggi dalam kualitas hidup /
pembangunan manusia di Amerika Latin. Menurut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Transparency International</span></a>, Uruguay dinilai sebagai negara
yang kedua terendah korupsinya setelah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Chile</span></a> di Amerika Latin, meskipun Uruguay jauh
lebih baik dari Chile pada jajak pendapat domestik persepsi korupsi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/%09%0Ahttp://www.ziddu.com/download/21317380/Kelompok21NegaraUruguay.rar.html%0A" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD GALONYO</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-45798829416556787182013-01-11T05:06:00.004-08:002013-01-11T06:56:06.704-08:00NEGARA kOLOMBIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Kolombia memiliki
keragaman yang beraneka dibandingkan area serupa Amerika Latin. Negara ni
merupakan bagian dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cincin_Api_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cincin Api Pacific (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cincin Api Pacific</span></a>, daerah
yang rawan gempa dan erupsi Secara geografi Kolombia dibentuk oleh dua lempeng,
satu lempeng <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1644129493800673773" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1644129493800673773" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Pasifik" title="Lautan Pasifik"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lautan
Pasifik</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> dan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Karibia" title="Laut Karibia"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Laut Karibia</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"></span>
dengan area seluas 828,660 km² dan yang kedua yang terbentuk oleh pegunungan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes" title="Andes"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Andes</span></a> dan lempeng <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Llanos</span></a> yang
berbagi bersama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Venezuela</span></a> dengan area seluas 1'143,748 km². Permukaan
Kolombian membentuk pola yang rumit. Bagian ketiga barat negeri ini adalah yang
paling rumit, dimulai dari pantai di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Pasifik" title="Lautan Pasifik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lautan
Pasifik</span></a> di barat dan kearah timur pada ketinggian 5 derajat di
utara, berbagai keragaman mulai terlihat; Di sisi barat yang lain adalah area
yang sangat curam dan pantai terputus Pasifik di area bawahnya, yang dilatar
belakangai oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baud%C3%B3_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Baudó Mountains (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Serranía de Baudó</span></a>, satu
dari gunung terendah dan tercuram di pegunungan Kolombia. Selanjutnya adalah
area <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">padang Río Atrato-padang Río San
Juan</span>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/%09%0Ahttp://www.ziddu.com/download/21317305/Kelompok14NegaraKolombia.rar.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD GALONYO</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-79869751729593608182013-01-11T04:56:00.001-08:002013-01-11T06:56:06.706-08:00Negara Peru<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21317162/Kelompok22NegaraPeru.rar.html" target="_blank"><b>DOWNLOAD GALONYO</b></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-40395879152956630682013-01-10T07:24:00.003-08:002013-01-10T08:57:42.108-08:00Dinding Ratapan FB<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persamaan
dinding FB dengan Tembok Ratapan Yahudi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Facebook atau bahasa kerennya Ef Bi sudah sangat tidak asing
lagi terdengar, apalagi di Negara Indonesia, setiapa orang rata-rata telah
memiliki akun ini. Bahkan kita sangat tergantung dengan yang namanya FB, sehari
tidak membukanya, serasa ada yang kurang (salah satunya seperti Saya), baik untuk menulis status, melihat status
teman, ataupun untuk kerabat yang jaraknya sangat jauh.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Coba sekarang perhatikan/tengok beranda atau wall kita atau
teman2 disana mungkin terlihat bahwa teman-teman kita di dinding facebook banyak yang
berdoa, mengeluh, bahkan meratapi kehidupan di dinding facebooknya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Trus kenapa sih namanya wall atau dinding bisa juga di
artikan sebagai tembok? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Wall Ratapan Yahudi”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ternyata semua itu hampir sama dengan apa yang dilakukan
orang yahudi, yaitu seperti tembok ratapan. Dalam kebiasaan orang Yahudi,
terdapat tmbok ratapan yang merka anggap suci. Tembok Ini adalah sisa dinding
Bait Suci di Yerusalem yang dibangun oleh Raja Salomo (Sulaiman), putra Daud.
Bait Suci itu hancur ketika Israel diserbu tentara Romawi pada tahun 70 Masehi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Panjang tembok ini aslinya sekitar 485 meter, dan sekarang
sisanya hanyalah 60 meter.Orang Yahudi percaya bahwa tembok ini tidak ikut
hancur sebab di situlah berdiam “Shekhinah” (kehadiran ilahi). Jadi, berdoa di
situ sama artinya dengan berdoa kepada Tuhan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kalo kata Wikipedia Tembok ini dulunya dikenal hanya sebagai
Tembok Barat, tetapi kini disebut “Tembok Ratapan” karena di situ orang Yahudi
berdoa dan meratapi dosa-dosa mereka dengan penuh penyesalan. Selain mengucapkan
doa-doa mereka, orang Yahudi juga meletakkan doa mereka yang ditulis pada
sepotong kertas yang disisipkan pada celah-celah dinding itu. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sebenarnya apa yang melaterbelakangi yang membuat Facebook
ini member nama tempat kita membuat status yang isinya kebanyakan themanya
nggak jauh2 dari galau, doa, keluhan dengan sebutan wall, dinding, atau sama
aja dengan tembok. Sepertinya tidak jauh berbeda apa yang menjadi kebiasaan
orang yahudi lakukan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jangan sampai status yang kita bikin di dinding fesbuk kita
sama seperti dinding ratapan atau sama seperti tembok ratapan Yahudi. mengeluh dan menulis keluhannya di dinding ada lagi yang mengumpat, bahkan kadang pernah melihat di
dinding ef bi seseorang ada pengumuman kalo yang punya dinding lagi mau buang
hajat. apa bedanya dengan tembok ratapan orang yahudi???<br />
menggunakan FB untuk kegiatan dakwah, bertukar informasi atau hal lainnya jauh lebih baik daripada hanya sekedar mengeluh bahakan menghina ataupun mengumpat orang lain.<br />
<br />
sperti status Fesbuk sahabat Saya Tri Setio Widodo yang isinya "<span class="userContent">Apa yang kita tampilkan di dunia maya melalui jejaring sosial seperti facebook,.twitter,.whatsapp dll..<br /> Tidak jauh menggambarkan pribadi kita yang sebenarnya pada kehidupan nyata"</span><br />
<span class="userContent"> </span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Sungguh, kalian
akan mengikuti langkah orang-orang sebelum kalian sejengkal demi sejengkal dan
sehasta demi sehasta, bahkan seandainya mereka masuk ke lubang dhabb
pun,niscaya kalian akan masuk pula ke dalamnya", kami bertanya :
"Wahai Rasulullah, apakah mereka yang dimaksudkan itu Yahudi dan Nashrani
?" beliau menjawab : "Siapa lagi kalau bukan mereka?" </i>(HR.
Al Bukhari dalam Shahihnya, kitab Ahaditsul Anbiya, bab Ma Dzukira an Bani
Israil 3456 dan Kitab Al I'tisham bil Kitab was Sunnah, bab Qaulin Nabi
"latattabi'unna sanana man kana qablakum" no. 7320 dan Muslim dalam
Shahihnya, Kitab Al Ilmi 2669)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Semoga ada gunanya,,,,,,,,</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-19678554381634161662013-01-10T05:23:00.000-08:002013-01-10T05:23:05.345-08:00Perkembangan ManusiaKehidupan di muka bumi ini tidak sekaligus ada secara lengkap dan tercipta begitu saja seperti yang kita lihat sekarang. Semua yang ada di bumi ini tercipta atas kebesaran Allah yang Maha Esa.
Sejak lahir, manusia dikarunia organ reproduksi.
Reproduksi adalah kemampuan makhluk hidup untuk menghasilkan keturunan yang baru.
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-82921409200934608212013-01-10T01:29:00.002-08:002013-01-10T08:02:57.434-08:00Laporan SIG<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21307662/LaporanSIG.doc.html%0A"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia
menggunakan peta untuk seribu tahun lalu sampai sekarang danmenganalisa
informasi geografi. ArcView melestarikan tradisi kuno ini. ArcViewdatang dengan
banyak manfaat dari data siap pakai kita dapat menggunakan segerauntuk membuat
seratus peta yang berbeda. Tambahan data yang tersedia dari ESRI,dari
perusahaan yang berbeda, dan dari internet. Kita dapat menggunakan ArcViewuntuk
mengambil data dan menyimpannya dalam format file shape kita sendiri,format
ARC/INFO, dan banyak lagi format yang lain.</span></div>
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21307662/LaporanSIG.doc.html%0A">disini kalo nak ngunduh</a>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-76781239511485620242012-12-18T11:10:00.001-08:002012-12-18T11:13:27.959-08:00BAB I PETA DAN PEMETAAN<!--[if !mso]>
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
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line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1043"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Peta</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
peta berasal dari kata <i>map</i> yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu <i>mappa</i>
yang berarti taplak atau kain penutup meja. Secara umum pengertian peta adalah
gambaran seluruh atau sebagian permukaan bumi pada bidang datar yang diperkecil
dengan menggunakan skala tertentu. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Skala
merupakan perbandingan antara keadaan sebenarnya dengan gambar yang dibuat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ilmu yang menpelajari tentang peta disebut Kartografi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fungsi dari peta antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l42 level1 lfo2;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Menunjukkan
posisi atau lokasi suatu wilayah di permukaan bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l42 level1 lfo2;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menggambarkan
bentuk dan persebaran berbagai gejala di permukaan bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l42 level1 lfo2;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggambarkan kondisi fisik dan kondisi
sosial suatu wilayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta
dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan berbagai gejala yang terdapat di permukaan
bumi. Peta juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyak digunakan oleh
instansi pemerintah maupun swasta. Contoh di bidang militer dapat digunakan
untuk menggambarkan keadaan suatu wilayah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis Peta</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta
dapat dibedakan menjadi dua jenis yaitu peta umum dan peta khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta umum menggambarkan
sebagian atau seluruh permukaan bumi secara umum, baik kenampakan alam maupun
buatan manusia. Peta umu terdiri dari peta topografi dan peta chorografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta Topografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta
topografi adalah peta yang menggambarkan relief permukaan bumi dengan
menggunakan garis-garis kontur. Garis kontur adalah garis-garis pada peta yang
menunjukkan perbedaan ketinggian suatu tempat. Peta topografi juga
menggambarkan kenampakan alam seperti pola aliran sungai dan morfologi, serta
kenampakan buatan manusia, misalnya jalan dan permukiman. Peta topografi
biasanya berskala besar yaitu 1 : 25.000 atau 1 : 50.000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta chorografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta
chorografi adalah peta yang menggambarkan seluruh atau sabagian permukaan bumi
yang bercorak umum. Peta chorografi adalah peta yang menggambarkan seluruh atau
sebagian permukaan bumi yang bercorak umum. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peta chorografi umumnya berskala sedang hingga kecil
yaitu antara 1 : 250.000 hingga di atas 1 : 1.000.000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta Tematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peta tematik menggambarkan fenomena atau objek di
permukaan bumi. Informasi yang dapat diambil dari peta topografi antara lain
garis lintang dan garis bujur, relief permukaan, batas-batas administrasi serta
nama-nama geografi. Contoh peta tenatik adalah peta kepadatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan skalanya peta dubedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu
peta skala besar dan kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l29 level1 lfo5;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peta
skala besar adalah peta yang skalanya kurang dari 1 : 10.000. contohnya
peta-peta yang berhubungan dengan kepemilikan tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l29 level1 lfo5;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peta
skala sedang adalah peta peta yang skalanya antara 1 : 10.000 dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1: 250.000. contohnya
peta topografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l29 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta skala kecil adalah peta yang
skalanya di atas 1 : 250.000. contohnya peta Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen Peta</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Komponen-komponen peta antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peta harus diberi judul
atau identitas yang mencerminkan isi peta. Judul dapat diletakkan di sebelah
kiri, tengah, atau sebelah kanan atas peta dengan tidak mengganggu peta utama.
Ukuran huruf judul disesuaikan dengan besarnya peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata angin (petunjuk arah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata angin biasanya
diletakkan di tempat yang kosong bergantung pada posisi peta maupun ruang yang
memungkinkan sehingga member kesan harmonis dan menarik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251649536;"><span style="height: 135px; left: 0px; left: 67px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 167px;"><img height="135" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="167" /></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>T</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
1.1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
petunjuk arah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Skala peta </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Skala peta berfungsi menunjukkan perbandingan antara
jarak sebenarnya dan jarak pada peta. Penulisan skala dapat berupa skala angka
atau skala grafis. Contoh skala angka adalah 1 : 50.000 artinya 1 cm pada peta
sama dengan 50.000 cm atau 0,5 km di lapangan. Contoh skala grafis sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 73px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 200px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="200" /></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 73px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251652608;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 174px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="2" /></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 cm</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 km</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Artinya, 1 cm pada peta sama dengan 2 km di lapangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol merupakan tanda
untuk mengambarkan kenampakan atau objek dan letaknya di permukaan bumi dalam
peta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara umum simbol dibedakan
menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu sombol titik, garis, wilayah atau area dan warna. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contohnya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol titik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Digunakan untuk melambangkan kota, gunung, dan bandar
udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="11" width="107"><br /></td>
<td width="43"><br /></td>
<td width="92"><br /></td>
<td width="46"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="46" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="31"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="43" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="4"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kota<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan untuk melambangkan
kenampakan alam atau budaya yang berbentuk garis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 108px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="69" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jalan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan untuk
melambangkan kenampakan alam atau budaya yang memiliki luas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="11" width="108"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="69" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 138px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="11" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 117px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251661824;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="11" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Danau </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
huruf pada peta mempunyai aturan tertentu yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l86 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama wilayah atau tempat ditulis dengan
huruf tegak dan berwarna hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l86 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama bentuk-bentuk relief, misalnya
gunung dan bukit ditulis dengan huruf miring dan berwarna hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l86 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama wilayah perairan seperti sungai,
danau, dan laut ditulis dengan huruf miring berwarna hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Legenda </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Legenda berisi keterangan symbol-simbol yang terdapat
dalam peta. Legenda biasanya diletakkan di bagian kiri atau kanan bawah peta di
dalam garis tepi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garis astronomis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garis
ini berfungsi untuk mengetahui posisi absolute suatu objek pada peta utama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garis
tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Garis ini membatasi ruang peta, umumnya berbentuk persegi
empat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicantumkan
untuk meyakinkan pengguna bahwa peta tersebut berasal dari instansi yang
berkompeten dalam pembuatan peta seperti Bakosurtanal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo100;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun
pembuatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 152.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicantumkan
untuk mengetahui waktu peta itu dibuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi Peta </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi
peta merupakan upaya memindahkan garis-garis paralel dan meridian dari bidang
lengkung (globe) ke bidang datar. Jenis proyeksi peta dibedakan menjadi dua
yaitu berdasarkan bisang proyeksi dan berdasarkan kedudukan bidang proyeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l82 level1 lfo70;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi peta berdasarkan bidangnya
dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo71;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi bidang datar yaitu proyeksi
yang menggunakan bidang datar sebagai bidang proyeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo71;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi bidang kerucut yaitu proyeksi
yang menggunakan bidang kerucut sebagai bidang proyeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo71;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi bidang silinder yaitu proyeksi
yang menggunakan bidang silinder sebagai bidang proyeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l82 level1 lfo70;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi peta berdasarkan kedudukan
bidangnya dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo72;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi normal yaitu proyeksi peta yang
garis sumbu bidang proyeksinya berimpit dengan sumbu bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo72;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi miring yaitu proyeksi peta yang
garis sumbu bidang proyeksinya memotong sumbu bola bumi dan garis ekuator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo72;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi transversal yaitu proyeksi peta
yang garis sumbu bidang proyeksinya berimpit dengan garis ekuator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Lokasi Industri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l70 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor lokasi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertimbangan utama
suatu tempat dijadikan sebagai lokasi industry adalah untuk memperoleh
keuntungan sebesar-besarnya dengan menekan biaya produksi sehingga kegiatan
industry dapat berjalan lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor-faktor yang
mendukung penempatan suatu industry di suatu tempat agar dapat tumbuh
berkembang antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan mentah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan mentah merupakan
factor terpenting dalam suatu proses produksi. Bahan mentah dapat berasal dari
pertanian, perikanan, peternakan, pertambangan, kehutanan, dan perkebunan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada umumnya industry-industri didirikan dekat dengan
daerah penghasil bahan mentah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber energy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketersediaan sumber
energy sangat penting terutama bagi industry-industri seperti industry
peleburan bijih besi yang memerlukan sumber energy panas yang sangat besar.
Sumber energy yang digunakan untuk kegiatan industry antara lain minyak bumi,
batu bara, gas alam, dan sisanya tenaga listrik, nuklir dan kayu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenaga kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenaga kerja yang
dibutuhkan untuk kegiatan industry berhubungan dengan tingkat kualitas dan
kuantitasnya. Tenaga kerja yang terampil dalam bidangnya lebih membantu dalam
meningkatkan hasil produksinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketersediaan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air antara lain
digunakan untuk mendinginkan mesin, sebagai bahan pencampur, dan untuk mencuci.
Industry yang membutuhkan suplai air yang banyak antara lain industry baja,
industry kertas, dan industry kimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportasi memegang
peranan penting dalam rangka mengangkut bahan mentah ke pabrik dan
mendistribusikan hasil produksi ke pasar. Oleh karena itu suatu wilayah yang
mempunyai rute pengangkutan yang efisien akan lebih menarik untuk didirikan
suatu industry daripada wilayah yang rute transportasinya kurang efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lahan yang cukup luas dan datar pada umumnya menjadi
pilihan untuk dijadikan lokasi industry. Kondisi yang demikian akan memudahkan
dalam pembuatan bangunan industry serta sarana dan prasarana lainnya misalnya
prasarana transportas dan tempat pembuangan limbah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai dan harga lahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makin dekat lokasi
dengan daerah perkotaan, makin tinggi harga lahan tersebut. Begitu juga
sebaliknya. Selain itu harga lahan juga dipengaruhi oleh jaringan transportasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam suatu industry
kemampuan manajerial sangant penting untuk mengatur segala sesuatu yang
berhubungan dengan dengan produktivitas perusahaan atau industry misalnya
mengelola suplai bahan baku, tenaga kerja, keuangan, harga, dan lain-lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi pasar dapat
menentukan kelangsungan usaha industry. Potensi pasar sangat dipengaruhi oleh
banyaknya jumlah penduduk dan daya beli. Jadi, makin banyak jumlah penduduknya,
makin tinggi daya beli masyarakat maka makin besar potensi pasarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Modal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam suatu industry,
modal meliputi modal tetap yang antara lain berupa bangunan dan uang. Keduanya
sangat penting dalam menetapkan lokasi industry. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Modal dapat diperoleh dari modal dalam negeri dan modal
asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo75;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan pemerintah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan pemerintah
yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap penempatan suatu lokasi industry pada umumnya
dituangkan ke dalam bentuk undang-undang. Perundang-undangan tersebut antara
lain berhubungan dengan ketentuan pajak, izin usaha, upah tenaga kerja,
penentuan lokasi industry, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l70 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi Lokasi Industry</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry
yang berorientasi pada bahan baku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry yang berorientasi pada bahan baku adalah
industry yang dibangun dekat dengan persediaan bahan baku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Factor-faktor yang menyebabkan suatu industry
berorientasi pada bahan baku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara lain
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo77;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan
baku yang digunakan mudah rusak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo77;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengangkutan
bahan baku lebih mahal daripada pengangkutan barang jadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo77;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Volume
bahan baku lebih berat daripada produk yang dihasilkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry
yang berorientasi pada tenaga kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry yang berorientasi pada tenaga kerja adalah industry
yang didirikan di tempat-tempat pemusatan penduduk, misalnya industry tekstil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Factor-faktor yang menyebabkan suatu industry
berorientasi pada tenaga kerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara
lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak
menbutuhkan tenaga kerja yang murah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak
menbutuhkan tenaga kerja yang terampil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Industry yang berorientasi pada pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry yang berorientasi pada pasar adalah industry
yang didirikan dekat dengan konsumen, misalnya industry makanan dan minuman. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor-faktor yang
menyebabkan suatu industry berorientasi pada pasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Biaya
pengangkutan barang jadi lebih mahal daripada pengangkutan bahan baku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk yang dihasilkan mudah rusak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Produk
yang dihasilkan memerlukan daerah pasaran yang luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan baku yang dibutuhkan dapat tahan
lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry
yang berorientasi pada sumber energi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Industry yang berorientasi pada sumber energy pada
umumnya merupakan kelompok industry sekunder. Makin besar energy yang
dibutuhkan suatu industry makin besar ketergantungannya pada ketersediaan
sumber energy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l70 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Lokasi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
lokasi bertujuan untuk menemukan lokasi yang optimal untuk mendirikan
perusahaan atau industry dengan cara yang logis dan memperhitungkan hubungan
antardaerah kegiatan ekonomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anglomerasi Industri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anglomerasi
industry adalah pemusatan berbagai macam industry dalam suatu wilayah agar
dapat memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar kepada berbagai industry pada
wilayah tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor-Faktor Penyebab Anglomerasi
Industri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan produksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hubungan produksi
terdapat barang-barang bergerak dari satu perusahaan ke perusahaan lain sebagai
bagian dari proses produksi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan pelayanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu kebutuhanyang
diperlukan oleh suatu perusahaan atau industry adalah adanya hubungan pelayanan
dari perusahaan lain. Termasuk jasa pemnersihan, penyediaan makanan, dan
pengantar surat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan pemasaran </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan yang dimaksud
disini adalah hubungan antara perusahaan yang akan membuat kemasan, para
tengkulak, dan agen-agen penjualan. Hubungan tersebut sangat penting dalam
rangka mendistribusikan hasil produksi sampai kepada konsumen.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterkaitan Sarana dan Prasarana
Transportasi dengan Anglomerasi Industri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya sarana dan
prasarana transportasi yang memadai memudahkan perusahaan mengangkut bahan baku
ke pabrik dan mendistribusikan hasil produksi ke pasar. Oleh karena itu
transprtasi menjadi alasan untuk mendirikan industry di daerah sepanjang jalan,
di sekitar pelabuhan, dan stasiun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kawasan Industri dan Kawasan Berikat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo81;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan industry</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah suatu kawasan
atau wilayah yang menjadi tempat pemusatan kegiatan industry pengolahan. Tujuan
dibentuknya kawasan industry antara lain sebagi berikut, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo82;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempercepat pertumbuhan industry</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo82;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan kemudahan bagi kegiatan
industry, misalnya lokasi, perizinan, serta sarana dan prasarana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo82;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendorong
kegiatan industry agar terpusat dan berlokasi di kawasan tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo82;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyediakan
fasilitas lokasi industry yang berwawasan lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo81;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan Berikat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah suatu kawasan
dengan batas-batas tertentu di dalam wilayah pabean. Kawasan berikat dapat
berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan, penimbunan, serta pengolahan barang yang
berasal dari dalam dan luar negeri. Kawasan berikat terdapat di Tanjung Priok,
Jakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l84 level1 lfo1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Pembangunan Industri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l98 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Positif </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo84; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan pemasukan devisa Negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo84; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyerap tenaga kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo84; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo84; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Terbukanya
usaha-usaha di sector informal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo84; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi kebergantungan pada produk
luar negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l98 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Negatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo85;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya lahan pertanian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo85;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencemaran lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo85;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadinya arus urbanisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo85;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi perubahan perilaku masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENGINDERAAN JAUH DAN SYSTEM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INFORMASI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">GEOGRAFI (SIG)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar Kompetensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memahami pemanfaatan citra penginderaan jauh dan Sistem
Informasi Geografi (SIG).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kompetensi dasar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menjelaskan
pemanfaatan citra penginderaan jauh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjelaskan
pemanfaatan Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penginderaan
Jauh (Indraja)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Lilllesand dan Keifer, Indraja adalah ilmu atau teknik dan seni untuk
mendapatkan informasi tentang objek wilayah atau gejala dengan cara
menganalisis data-data yang diperoleh dari suatu alat tanpaberhubungan langsung
dengan objek, wilayah, atau gejala yang sedang dikaji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen
indraja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber tenaga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber tenaga dalam
proses indraja terdiri dari tenaga alamiah dan tenaga buatan. Tenaga alamiah
adalah sinar matahari, sedangkan tenaga buatan adalah gelombang mikro. Fungsi
tenaga itu adalah untuk menyinari obkek permukaan bumi dan memantulkannya pada
sensor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atmosfer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Molekul-molekul gas
yang terdapat di dalam atmosfer tersebut dapat menyerap, memantulkan dan
melewati radiasi elektromagnetik. Oleh karena itu di dalam indraja terdapat
istilah jendela atmosfer yaitu bagian spectrum gelombang elektromagnetik yang
dapat mencapai bumi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi antara tenaga dan objek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setiap objek memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dalam
memantulkan dan memancarkan tenaga ke sensor. Objek yang memiliki pantulan
tinggi akan terlihat cerah pada citra sedangkan objek dan daya pantulnya rendah
akan terlihat gelap pada citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensor dan wahana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
proses perekamannya, sensor dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l110 level1 lfo10;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensor fotografik merekam objek melalui
proses kimiawi yang dapat dipasang pada pesawat maupun satelit. Sensor
fotografik yang dipasang pada pesawat udara menghasilkan citra foto (foto udara
), sedangkan jika dipasang pada satelit menghasilkan citra satelit (foto satelit).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l110 level1 lfo10;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensor elektronik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan sensor yang bekerja secara elektronik dalam
bentuk sinyal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensor elektronik ini menghasilkan citra
indraja atau citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wahana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wahana
adalah kendaraan yang digunakan untuk membawa sensor guna mendapatkan data
indraja. Wahana dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo11;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesawat terbang rendah sampai menengah
yaitu pesawat yang ketinggian peredarannya antara 1.000 m dan 9.000 m di atas
permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo11;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesawat terbang tinggi yaitu pesawat
yang ketinggian peredarannya lebih dari 18.000 m di atas permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo11;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satelit yaitu wahana yang ketinggian
peredarannya antara 400 km sampai 900 km di atas permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perolehan data </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Data indraja diperoleh dengan cara manual atau
dengan cara numeric. Secara manual dapat diperoleh dengan interpretasi citra.
Sedangkan secara numeric data diperoleh dengan menggunakan computer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan data </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengguna
data yaitu orang atau lembaga yang memanfaatkan informasi hasil indraja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra
indraja adalah ganbaran suatu gejala atau objek sebagai hasil rekaman dari
sebuah sensor baik dengan cara optic, elektrooptik, mauoun elektronik. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Citra dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu citra foto dan citra
nonfoto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l104 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra foto</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra
foto adalah gambaran suatu gejala di permukaan bumi sebagai hasil pemotretan
dengan mengguanakan kamera. Citra foto dibedakan atas dasar spectrum
elektromagnetik yang digunakan, posisi sumbu kamera, sudut liputan kamera,
jenis kamera, warna yang digunakan, dan system wahananya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo12;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan Spektrum elektromagnetik
yang digunakan dapat dibedakan menjadi citra foto ultraviolet, citra foto
ortokromatik, citra foto pankromatik, citra inframerah asli, dan citra foto
inframerah modifikasi. Dari kelima jenis citra foto tersebut yang paling banyak
digunakan adalah citra foto pankromatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo12;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Berdasarkan
Posisi sumbu kamera dapat dibedakan menjadi citra foto vertical dan citra foto
condong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo12;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Berdasarkan
sudut liputan kamera dapat dibedakan menjadi sudut kecil, sudut normal, sudut
lebar, dan sudut sangat lebar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo12;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">berdasarkan
jenis kamera dapat dibedakan menjadi citra foto tunggal dan citra citra foto
tunggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l54 level1 lfo12;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan
system wahana dapat dibedakan menjadi citra foto udara dan citra foto tunggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l104 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra nonfoto</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Citra
nonfoto adalah gambar atau citra tentang suatu objek yang dihasilkan oleh
sensor bukan kamera dengan cara memindai (scaning). Citra nonfoto dapat
dibedakan menjadi atas dasar :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l81 level1 lfo13;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan spectrum elektromagnetik
yang digunakan dapat dibedakan menjadi citra inframerah termal, citra radar,
dan citra gelombang mikro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l81 level1 lfo13;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan sensor yang diguanakan dapat
dibedakan menjadi citra tunggal dan citra multispectral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l81 level1 lfo13;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan wahana yang digunakan dapat
dibedakan menjadi citra dirgantara dan citra satelit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Citra</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi
citra adalah kegiatan menafsir, mengkaji, mengidentifikasi, dan mengenali objek
pada citra, selanjutnya menilai arti penting dari objek tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsure interpretasi citra</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat 8 unsur atau karakteristik interpretasi citra
secara bertingkat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rona dan warna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rona
adalah tingkat kecerahan atau kegelapan suatu objek yang terdapat pada citra. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
mencerminkan konfigurasi atau kerangka objek, baik bentuk umum maupun bentuk
rinci untuk mempermudah pengenalan benda. Misalnya bangunan rumah umumnya
berbentuk seperti huruf I, U, L atau persegi panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk
dalam unsure ukuran adalah jarak, luas, volume, ketinggian tempat, atau
kemiringan. Ukuran juga menjadi pembeda dengan objek sejenis lainnya. Misalnya
ukuran rumah berbeda dengan ukuran gedung sekolah atau kantor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekstur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Testur </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">adalah</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"> frekuensi perubahan atau pengulangan rona pada
citra. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekstur dapat
dibedakan menjadi tiga tingkatan yaitu halus, sedang, dan kasar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
hutan bertekstur kasar, semak-semak bertekstur halus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
adalah kecenderungan bentuk suatu objek, misalnya pola aliran sungai, pola
pemukiman penduduk. Contohnya dalam pola aliran sungai dikenal pola dendritik,
sentrifugal sedangkan pada pemukuman penduduk dikenal pola linear, bergerombol,
dam menyebar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bayangan sangat dipengaruhi oleh sinar matahari. Misalnya
apabila pemotretan dilakukan pada pagi hari bayangan ada di sebelah barat dan
pada siang hari bayangan objek tidak tampak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka bayangan
dapat digunakan untuk menentukan arah orientasi foto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Situs </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Situs
adalah tempat kedudukan suatu objek terhadap objek lain di sekitarnya. Misalnya
daerah persawahan terdapat di datarn rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asosiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asosiasi
dalah hubungan antara suatu objek dan objek lain di sekitarnya. Misalnya
perkampungan biasannya dekat dengan jalan dan lahan pekarangan yang ditumbuhi
tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>interpretasi citra</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teknik interpretasi citra adalah cara khusus untuk
melaksanakan metode indraja secara ilmiah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara-cara interpretasi
ilmiah tersebut terdiri atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data acuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
acuan dapat berupa kepustakaan, peta, hasil kerja lapangan, atau data-data lain
yang sifatnya melengkapi data yang terdapat pada citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kunci interpretasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kunci
interpretasi citra pada umumnya berupa potongan citra yang telah
diinterpretasikan, diyakinkan kebenarannya, dan diberi keterangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
yang tersimpan pada citra harus dijaga agar tidak menimbulkan goresan atau
terhapus maka perlu penanganan serius terhadap setiap citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengamatan stereoskopis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengamatan
stereoskopis adalah kegiatan menafsir citra dengan menggunakan alat bantu yang
dinamakan stereoskop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
pengkajian adalah suatu cara yang bersistem dalam menelaah atau melakukan
penyelidikan terhadap objek. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan konsep</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
perolehan dan analisis data indraja dikenal dengan konsep multi, yaitu
multispektrum, multitingkat, multitemporal, multiarah, multipolarisasi, dan
multidisiplin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Indraja </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
teknologi indraja antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang kependudukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memetakan
distribusi spasial penduduk selain itu bermanfaat untuk meneliti dampak
keberadaan manusia dalam lingkungan hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang meteorology dan klimatologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malakukan perekaman
terhadap pola awan guna mengetahui bidang pergerakan tekanaan udara serta
melakukan perekaman terhadap tingkat perawanan dan kandungan air di udara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mengetahui keadaan cuaca dan iklim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang pemetaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan pemetaan yang
umum dilakukan sekarang dengan menggunakan indraja adalah antara lain pemetaan
penggunaan lahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
Antara Peta dan Citra</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan-perbedaan
tersebut terdapat pada table di bawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Factor Pembeda</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peta</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Citra</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Waktu
pembuatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lama, karena merupakan hasil penggambaran yang berulang
dengan teknik tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebentar, karena merupakan hasil pemotretan langsung
terhadap permukaan bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bentuk
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merupakan
gambar dua dimensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan gambar tiga dimensi jika dilihat jika dilihat
secara stereoskopis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Objek/gambar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berupa
lambing/symbol yang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dapat
mewakili objek di permukaan bumi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan gambar objek di permukaan bumi yang
sebenarnya.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komponen
penjelas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat
komponen-komponen tertentu yang dapat menjelaskan isi peta, antara lain
judul, symbol, skala, dan arah angin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak ada komponen-komponen penjelas. Oleh karena itu
perlu interpretasi terlebih dahulu untuk mengetahui isi citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hasil
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 123.35pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dapat dibaca/digunakan oleh setiap orang tanpa alat
bantu.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.65pt;" valign="top" width="220"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak dapat dibaca/digunakan oleh setiap orang.
Memerlukan alat bantu untuk menafsir objek dalam citra. </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Konsep
Dasar System Informasi Geografi (SIG)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo103; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian SIG </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System inforrmasi geografi adalah system
yang berbasis computer yang digunakan untuk menyimpan dan memanipulasi
informasi-informasi geografi (Aronaff, 1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System inforrmasi geografi adalah suatu
system perangkat yang dapat melakukan pengumpulan, penyimpanan, pengambilan
kembali, pengubahan, dan penayangan dari data-data keruangan untuk
kebutuhan-kebutuhan tertentu (Burrough, 1986).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System inforrmasi geografi adalah system
berbasis computer yang digunakan untuk menyimpan, memanipulasi, dan
menganalisis informasi geografi (Petrus Paryono).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System inforrmasi geografi adalah system
computer yang dugunakan untuk memanipulasi data geografi (Bernhardsen, 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">System inforrmasi geografi adalah system
yang dapat mendukung pengambilan keputusan spasial dan mampu mengintegrasikan
deskripsi-deskripsi lokasi dengan karakteristik-karakteristik fenomena yang
ditemukan di lokasi tersebut (J. Raper, 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">System inforrmasi geografi terdiri dari 4 subsistem pokok
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo105; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem masukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya adalah
mengumpulkan dan mempersiapkan data spasial dan atribut dari berbagai sumber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo105; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem penyimpanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya adalah
mengorganisasikan data, baik secara spasial maupun data atribut ke dalam basis
data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo105; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem pengolahan dan pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya adalah
menetukan informasi-informasi yang dapat dihasilkan oleh SIG selain itu
juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan pengolahan dan pemodelan
data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo105; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem penyajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya adalah
menampilkan data dan hasil dari pengolahannya, baik sebagian maupun seluruhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo103; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen SIG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l47 level1 lfo19;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data spasial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data spasial adalah
grafis yang mengidentifikasikan kenampakan lokasi geografi berupa titik dan
poligin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l47 level1 lfo19;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data atribut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data atribut adalah
data yang berupa penjelasan dari setiap fenomena yang terdapat di permukaan
bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat keras </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat
keras (hardware) adalah perangkat-perangkat fisik yang digunakan dalam system
computer yang terdiri dari CPU, RAM, monitor, plotter, harddisc, digitzer,
keyboard, disket, printer, dan scanner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat lunak </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat
lunak (softwear) adalah program yang digunakan untuk mengoperasikan SIG.
beberapa program tersebut antara lain Arc View, Arc Info, ERDAS, dan ILWIS.
Perangkat lunak tersebut berfungsi untuk memasukkan data dan mengecek data,
menyimpan data dan mengecek data, menyimpan data, memperoleh data hasil dan
presentasi, serta manipulasi data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manajemen merupakan perangkat dalam SIG yang terdiri atas
sumber daya manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
Kerja SIG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukan Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukan
data terdiri atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data penginderaan jauh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Berupa citra nonfoto maupun foto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data teristris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
teristris </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
data yang diperoleh lansung dari pengukuran lapangan seperti PH tanah,
salinitas air, curah hujan, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
peta adalah data yang sudah dalam bentuk peta yang siap digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pemasukan data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data spasial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk memasukkan data spasial ke dalam SIG dapat
dilakukan dengan cara, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digitasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
digitasi terdiri atas empat tahapan yaitu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan peta yang akan digitasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan koordinat peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengedit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>data sebelum disimpan ke dalam data kasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -103.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan atribut dengan kode</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiaman (scanning)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penyiaman dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan detector elektronik
yang dapat bergerak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data spasial dapat dibedakan menjadi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l94 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model data raster</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
raster adalah data yang dibentuk oleh kumpulan sel atau pixel. Pixel adalah
bagian terkecil yang masih dapat digunakan dalam sebuah citra. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pixel adalah bagian terkecil yang masih dapat digambarkan
dalam sebuah citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l94 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model data vector</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
vector merupakan model data yang dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan informasi
geografi secara tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Atribut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
atribut dapat berupa,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo106; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data kualitataif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
kualitatif adalah data hasil pengamatan yang dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk
deskriptif. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Contohnyapada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peta tata guna lahan antara lain permukiman,
sawah, hutan, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo106; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data kauntitatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
kuantitatif adalah data hasil pengamatan atau pengukuran yang dinyatakan dalam
bilangan. Contohnya data panjang jalan, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manipulasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>dan Analisis Data</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manipulasi
data adalah kegiatan yang meliputi antara lain membuat basis data baru,
menghapus basis data, membuat table basis data, mengisi dan menyisipkan data ke
dalam table, mengubah dan mengedit data serta membuat indeks untuk setiap basis
data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyajian Data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem
penyajian data berfungsi untuk menayangkan informasi atau hasil analisis data
geografis. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Informasi yang
dihasilkan dapat berupa peta, table, grafik, bagan,dan hasil perhitungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat dan Penerapan SIG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Model-model aplikasi SIG antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi lahan untuk rehabilitasi
SIG</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
yang digunakan dalam identifikasi lahan potensial untuk rehabilitasi mangrove
adalah peta lereng pantai, bentuk pantai, liputan penggunaan lahan pantai, kedalaman
laut, pasang surut, dan lain-lain. Lahan potensial untuk rehabilitas hutan
mangrove diperoleh dengan cara tumpang susun peta-peta pendukung tersebut dan
menilai kualitas masing-masing unit pemetaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mentukan arah fungsi pemanfaatan lahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
SIG untuk fungsi pemanfaatan lahan diterapkan berdasarkan tiga factor yaitu
kemiringan lahan, jenis tanah dan kepekaan terhadap erosi serta curah hujan
rata-rata harian. Melalui metode tertentu penetapan arah fungsi pemanfaatan
lahan dilakukan dengan menjumlahkan nilai ketiga factor tersebut pada tiap
satuan lahan. Berdasarkan jumlah nilai pada tiap satuan lahan, arah fungsi
pemanfaatan lahan dapat dibedakan menjadi empat, yaitu kawasan fungsi lindung,
kawasan fungsi penyanggam kawasan fungsi budidaya tanaman tahunan, dan kawasan
budidaya tanaman musiman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB 3</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">INTERAKSI DESA DENGAN KOTA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar kompetensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis
wilayah dan pewilayahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompetensi dasar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menganalisis peta persebaran, spasial, serta
interaksi spasial antara desa dan kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo107; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Keruangan Desa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Desa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengertian desa antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-undang No. 5 tahun 1979 pasal 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
adalah suatu wilayah yang ditempat oleh sejumlah penduduk sebagai kesatuan
masyarakat hukum yang mempunyai organisasi pemerintahan terendah langsung di
bawah camat dan berhak menyelenggarakan rumah tangga dalam ikatan Negara
kesatuan Republik Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
adalah suatu kesatuan hokum di mana bertempat tinggal suatu masyarakat yang
berkuasa mengadakan pemerintahan sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S.D. Mirsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Desa tidak hanya kumpulan tempat tinggal, tetapi juga
kumpulan daerah pertanian dengan batas-batas tertentu yang luasnya 50-1.000
hektare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">William Ogburn dan M..E Nimkoff</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
adalah keseluruhan organisasi kehidupan social di dalam daerah yang terbatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paul H. Landis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
adalah suatu wilayah yang penduduknya kurang dari 2.500 jiwa dengan ciri-ciri
sebagai berikut, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mempunyai
pergaulan hidup yang saling mengenal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Adanya
ikatan perasaan yang sama tentang kebiasaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Cara
berusaha bersifat agraris dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh factor-faktor alam,
seperti iklim, topografi, dansumber daya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R. Bintarto</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
merupakan hasil perwujudan geografi yang ditimbulkan oleh unsure-unsur
fisiografi, social, ekonomi, politik, dan cultural yang terdapat di suatu
daerah serta memiliki hubungan timbale balik dengan daerah lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsure-Unsur Desa </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah atau daerah
merupakan tempat bagi manusia untuk dapat melakukan berbagai aktivitas baik
social, ekonomi, maupun budaya. Pemilihan daerah atau wilayah sebagai tempat
berbagai aktivitas tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh factor iklim, topografi,
keadaan tanah, dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam upaya
mengembangkan wilayah penduduk akan bertindak sebagai tenaga kerja, perencana,
atau pelaksana sekaligus yang akan memanfaatkan segala potensi yang ada.
Hal-hal penting yang berkaitan dengan kependudukan dalam suatu wilayah antara
lain, pertumbuhan, jumlah, kepadatan, persebaran, dan mata pencaharian
penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Perilaku kehidupan pedesaan meliputi pola tata pergaulan
dan ikatan-ikatan yang melatarbelakangi masyarakat desa. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perilaku
masyarakat desa ditunjukkan oleh adanya ikatan antarwarga yang sangat erat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-Ciri</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Desa</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kehidupan
masyarakatnya sangat erat dengan alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanian sangat bergantung pada musim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Desa
merupakan kesatuan social dan kesatuan kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur ekonomi bersifat agrarian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hubungan
antar masyarakat desa berdasarkan ikatan kekeluargaan yang erat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan social relative lambat dan
social control ditentukan oleh moral dan hukum informal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo32;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Norma agama dan hokum adat masih kuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rouceck
dan Warren,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok penduduk bermatapencaharian
utama di daerah tertentu dan mempunyai peran yang cukup besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Komunikasi
keluarga terjalin secara langsung, mendalam, dan informal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suatu
kelompok dibentuk berdasarkan factor geografi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan masyarakat bersifat
kekeluargaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mobilitas penduduk rendah, baik
mebilitas, horizontal, maupun social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo33;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga di pedesaan yang masih
tradisional memiliki banyak fungsi, khususnya sebagai unit ekonomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Dirjen
Pembangunan wilayah pedesaan, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo34;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perbandingan
tanag dengan manusia yang besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo34;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebagian
besar penduduknya bermatapencaharian sebagai petani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo34;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduknya masih bersifat tradisional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Desa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
perkembangan desa merupakan keadaan tertentu yang dicapai oleh penduduknya
dalam menyelenggarakan kehidupan dan mengelola sumber daya yang ada. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat perkembangan desa dapat dinilai berdasarkan tiga
factor yaitu, factor ekonomi, factor sosio kultur, dan factor prasarana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l109 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa swadaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
swadaya adalah desa yang masih bersifat tradisional, dicirikan antara lain
oleh,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adat istiadat yang bersifat mengikat
terhadap berbagai kegiatan manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antarmanusia sangat erat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengawasan social dilakukan oleh
keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata pencaharian penduduk pada umumnya
sejenis dan hanya cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teknologi
yang digunakan masih sederhana sehingga tingkat produktivitasnya rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Keadaan
sarana dan prasarana masih sangat kurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l109 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa Swakarya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
swakarya adalah desa sedang mengalami transisi dengan cirri-ciri :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya pengaruh dari luar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang mengakibatkan perubahan cara berpikir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertambahnya lapangan pekerjaan sehingga
mata pencaharian penduduk berkembang dari sector primer ke sector sekunder.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produktivitas mulai meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l41 level1 lfo37;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana dan prasarana desa makin
meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l109 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa Swasembada </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Desa swasembada adalah desa yang lebih maju dengan ciri-ciri
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adat istiadat masyarakat sudah tidak
mengikat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antarmanusia bersifat rasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mata
pencaharian penduduk beraneka ragam dan bergerak ke sector tersier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teknologi
baru bener-bener dimanfaatkan sehingga produktivitas tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana dan prasarana lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Potensi dan Fungsi Desa dalam Kaitannya dengan Perkembangan Desa dan Kota</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi Desa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi
desa adalah segenap sumber daya alam dan sumber daya manusia yang dimiliki
desa. Secara umum potensi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi fisik adalah
segenap sumber daya alam yang terdapat di desa dan diharapkan dapat memberikan
manfaat bagi kelancaran, kelangsungan, dan perkembangan desa. Potensi fisik
meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah
dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan pertanian juga di dalamnya terkandung berbagai
bahan tambang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
dapat dimanfaatkan antara lain untuk kepentingan rumah tangga, irigasi, dan
perikanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iklim dan angin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iklim
berpengaruh terhadap perencanaan waktu tanaman dan jenis tanamannya. Angin dapat
dimanfaatkan sebagai tenaga penggerak kincir untuk keperluan perairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manusia berfungsi sebagai tenaga kerja dalam mengolah
alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternak
memiliki potensi sumber tenaga yang dapat dimanfaatkan bagi petani. Contohnya
sapi, kerbau, kuda yang dapat dipekerjakan dalam mengolah sawah dan sebagai
tenaga pengangkut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi non fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensi non fisik
adalah segenap potensi sumber daya social dan budaya yang terdapat di desa.
Potensi non fisik meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gotong royong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehidupan
yang bersifat gotong royong merupan potensi yang sangat kuat dalam rangka
pembangunan desa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga dan organisasi social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga
dan organisasi social serta lembaga pendidikan yang ada di desa merupakan
potensi positif bagi pembangunan desa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aparatur pemerintahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perangkat
pemerintahan desa merupakan potensi yang sangat menentukan kelancaran system
pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Desa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Desa
sebagai sumber bahan mentah bagi kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Desa
sebagai sumber tenaga kerja bagi manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Desa
sebagai mitra pembangunan wilayah kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Desa
merupakan hinterland, yaitu daerah penyokong atau penyuplai kebutuhan
masyarakat kota .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk dan Pola Desa </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bentuk dan pola desa sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi
lingkungan geografinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letak Desa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Letak desa dipengaruhi oleh kondisi topografi. Contohnya
desa-desa yang terletak di dataran rendah memiliki pola persebaran yang lebih
teratur dibanding desa-desa yang terletak di perbukitan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iklim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa-desa yang
dipengaruhi unsure-unsur iklim yang baik akan mudah diadaptasi dan lebih cepat
berkembang. Namun desa-desa yang dipengaruhi oleh iklim yang cenderung ekstrim
akan sulit berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesuburan tanah akan
mempengaruhi produktivitas lahan khususnya untuk kegiatan pertanian. Desa yang
tanahnya subur pola permukiman penduduknya cenderung mengelompok di sekitar
arela pertanian, begitu pula sebaliknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa-desa yang memiliki
air tanah yang dangkal cenderung membentuk pola permukiman penduduknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>megelompok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
umum bentuk dan pola desa dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Memanjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk desa memanjang
biasanya mengikuti jalan, sungai, rel kereta api, atau pantai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Mengelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola desa mengelompok
biasanya terdapat pada pola daerah yang memiliki tanah yang subur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Tersebar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pola desa tersebar terdapat di daerah dataran tinggi atau
daerah gunung api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l99 level1 lfo28;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Tata Ruang Desa</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
ruang adalah pola pemanfaatan ruang atau lahan, baik direncanakan maupun tidak
untuk dijadikan tempat tinggal dengan memanfaatkan lingkungannya demi kelangsungan
hidup penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pola tata ruang desa dapat dibedakan menjadi empat bentuk
seperti berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata ruang pada desa memanjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
wilauah pesisir dapat berkembang pola tata ruang desa nelayan yang memanjang. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pola tata ruang ini terbentuk karena desa nelayan yang
satu akan bersambung dengan desa nelayan yang lain. Meskipun tata ruang pantai
berkembang tetapi umumnya tetap mempertahankan tempat-tempat tertentu misalnya
pasar ikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Tata
ruang pada desa yang terpusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Tata ruang pada desa yang terpusat berpotensi besar
untuk berkembang secara luas. Bertambahnya penduduk baik karena pendatang
maupun kelahiran mendorong terjadinya perluasan wilayah ke segala arah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata ruang </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> desa yang linear</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
ruang pada desa yang limear terdapat di dataran rendah. Pola seperti ini sangat
mungkin mengalami pemekaran meskipun tanpa direncanakan. Hal ini disebabkan
oleh adanya akses ke wilayah lain sehingga cepat atau lambat tanah pertanian
mengalami perubahan fungsi menjadi daerah permukiman baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata ruang pada desa yang mengelilingi
fasilitas tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo107; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Keruangan Kota</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Kota</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
ini merupakan beberapa definisi tentang kota. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo48;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri
Nomor 2 Tahun 1987 pasal 1, kota pusat permukiman dan kegiatan penduduk yang
mempunyai batasan administrasi yang diatur dalam perundang-undangan serta
permukiman yang telah memperlihatkan watak dan cirri kehidipan perkotaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo48;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Prof. Bintarto, kota merupakan
system jaringan kehidupan yang ditandai dengan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi,
diwarnai dengan strata social ekonomi yang heterogen dan coraknya yang
materialistis. Kota memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l111 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Terdapat
tempat-tempat untuk pasar dan perkotaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat tempat-tempat untuk parker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terdapat
tempat-tempat untuk rekreasi dan olahraga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l111 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatnya
heterogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individualism
dan materialistic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata
pencaharian masyarakat non-agraris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corak
kehidupan bersifat gesellscaft (patembayan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan
hidup masyarakat lebih rasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adanya
kesenjangan social yang mencolok antara masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kaya dan masyarakat miskin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo48;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
Max Weber, kota adalah suatu tempat yang penghuninya dapat memenuhi sebagian
besar kebutuhan ekonominya di pasar local.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo48;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
Louis Wirth, kota merupakan suatu permukiman besar, padat, dan permanen yang
dihuni oleh penduduk yang heterogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo48;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
Grunfeld, kota adalah suatu permukiman dengan kepadatan penduduk yang lebih
tinggi daripada kepadatan penduduk yang lebih tinggi daripada kepadatan
penduduk nasional, struktur mata pencaharian non agraris, dan system penggunaan
lahan yang beraneka ragam serta ditutupi oleh gedung-gedung tinggi yang
lokasinya berdekatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Kota</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan Fungsinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota sebagai pusat kebudayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
yang berfungsi sebagai pusat kebudayaan mempunyai potensi budaya yang lebih
dominan dibandingkan dengan potensi yang lain. Potensi budaya tersebut sangat
berkaitan dengan kehidupan agama serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pusat-pusat kerajaan pada masa silam. Contohny adalah Athena dan
Baghdad.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota sebagai pusat perdagangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota-kota
yang mempunyai potensi pengembangan transportasi baik dari darat maupun laut
dapat dikembangkan sebagai pusat perdagangan yang besar. Contohnya adalah New
York, Singapura, Hongkong, dan Bombay.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota sebagai pusat industry</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
disebut sebagai pusat industry apabila kegiatan industry di kota tersebut lebih
dominan dibandingkan kegiatan-kegiatan lainnya. Contohnya Amsterdam, Atlanta,
dan Caracas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota sebagai pusat pemerintahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kota pusat pemerintahan umumnya memiliki hubungan yang
luas dengan kota-kota lainnya. Kota pusat pemerintahan biasanya juga menjadi
tempat berbagai macam kegiatan, baik ekonomi, polotik, social, maupun budaya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Congtohnya
adalah Jakarta, Bangkok, dan Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota sebagai pusat kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
sebagai pusat rekreasi dan kesehatan apabila kota tersebut mampu menarik
pendatang, baik untuk tujuan rekreasi maupun penyembuhan. Contohnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bangkok dan Buenos Aires.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan Jumlah Penduduknya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
kota berdasarkan jumlah penduduk antara lain menurut National Urban Development
Strategic dalam table berikut ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="top" width="193"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis Kota</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.0pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perkiraan Jumlah Penduduk</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="top" width="193"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kota Kecamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kota Kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kota Sedang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
Besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota
Metropolitan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.0pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.000
– 20.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20.000
– 200.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200.000
– 500.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500.000
– 1.000.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">>
1.000.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Kota</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
kota adalah suatu perubahan keadaan perkotaan menjadi lebih modern dalam jangka
waktu tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Factor-Faktor
yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala
bentuk perubahan dari factor alam yang terjadi di atasnya berlangsung dalam
waktu yang relative lebih lama jika dibandingkan dengan proses perubahan karena
factor alam sehingga disebutkan bahwa factor alam merupakan factor yang statis
terhadap proses perkembangan kota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor
kependudukan merupakan factor yang sangat dinamis terutama apabila ditinjau
dari kuantitasnya. Dua hal yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan kota
yaitu pertambahan alami dan tingkat urbanisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor budaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor
budaya yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan kota adalah tingkat
kepandaian manusia dalam mengelola lingkungan kehidupannya. Misalnya penguasaan
manusia pada teknologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Tahap
Perkembangan Kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Griffith
Taylor (1958) mengemukakan tahapan perkembangan kota sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Infantile</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam stadium ini tidak terlihat adanya batas yang jelas
antara daerah permukiman dengan daerah perdagangan. Batas-batas antara kedua
wilayah tersebut masih sulit untuk digambarkan. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Toko-toko dan perumahan pemilik toko yang masih menjadi
satu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Juvenile</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam stadium ini
terlihat bahwa kelompok perumahan tua sudah mulai terdesak oleh
kelompok-kelompok perumahan baru. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Selain
itu terlihat pula pemisah antara daerah perkotaan dengan daerah perumahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Mature</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam stadium ini
banyak timbul daerah-daerah baru, misalnya daerah industry, perdagangan, serta
perumahan yang sudah mengikuti rencana tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Senile</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Stadium ini disebut juga stadium kemunduran kota. Hal ini
karena pada stadium ini tampak bahwa dalam setiap zona terjadi
kemunduran-kemunduran karena kuramg adanya pemeliharaan yang dapat disebabkan
oleh factor ekonomi atau politik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">J. M. Houston berpendapat bahwa karakteristik
perkembangan suatu kota melalui tiga tahap sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Pembentukan Inti Kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium ini merupakan
tahap awal dalam perkembangan kota yang dikenal dengan istilah Central
Busssines District (CBD). Pada tahap ini pembangunan gedung-gedung sebagai
penggerak kegiatan mulai berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Formatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini inti
kota mulai berkembang akibat perkembangan industry. Perkembangan sector industry,
transportasi, dan perdagangan mengakibatkan makin luas dan kompleksnya keadaan
pabrik-pabrik dan perumahan di perkotaan. Perluasan kota ini pada umumnya
terjadi di daerah yang mempunyai aksesibilitas tinggi, misalnya di sepanjang
jalur transportasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Modern </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Makin majunya peralatan transportasi dan komunikasi
menyebabkan seseorang tidak lagi bergantung pada tempat tinggal yang harus
dekat dengan tempat bekerja. Oleh karena itu, terdapat gejala perkembangan
fisik kota yang mengarah keluar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lewis Munford meninjau perkembangan kota, baik secara
fisik maupun sosio-kultur dengan membagi perkembangan kota menjadi enam tahap
sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Eopolis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini
tercermin adanya perkampungan yang makin maju meskipun kondisi kehidupanya
masih didasarkan pada kegiatan pertanian, pertambangan, dan perikanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Polis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini ditandai
oleh munculnya pasar yang cukup besar serta munculnya beberapa kegiatan
industry meskipun pengaruhnya masih terbatas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Oleh karena itu,
pada tahap ini sudah terlihat kenampakan suatu kota walaupun masih dalam skala
kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Metropolis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini
kenampakan suatu kota sudah berkembang cukup besar. Hal ini disebabkan oleh
fungsi-fungsi suatu kota sudah mendominasi kota-kota kecil yang berada di
sekitarnya, misalnya Jakarta dan Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Megalopolis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini ditandai
dengan perubahan perilaku manusia yang hanya berorientasi pada materi serta
kehidupan birokrasi yang buruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Tiranopolis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap ini tolak
ukur budaya dilihat pada sesuatu yang nampak saja, misalnya kekayaan serta
ketidakacuhan mengenai gejala aspek social. Selain itu, kondisi perdagangan
mulai menunjukkan adanya penurunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Nekropolis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini disebut
sebagai kota mati karena adanya peperangan, kelaparan, atau penyakit yang
menyerang kota tersebut. Keadaan itu mengakibatkan timbulnya kemunduran
fungsi-fungsi kota sehingga menunjukkan gejala-gejala kehancuran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Perkembangan Kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Konsentris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikemukakan oleh E.W.
Burgess bahwa kota yang besar mempunyai kecenderungan berkembang ke arah luar
di semua bagian-bagiannya. Oleh karena itu pola keruangan yang dihasilkan akan
berbentuk seperti lingkaran yang berlapis-lapis dengan daerah pusat kegiatan
sebagai intinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Sektor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikemukakan oleh Hommer
Hoyt bahwa perkembangan-perkembangan baru yang terjadi dalam kota
berangsur-angsur menghasilkan kembali karakter yang dimiliki oleh oleh
sector-sektor yang sama terlebih dahulu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pertumbuhan
sector-sektor dalam teori ini ada tiga yaitu pertumbuhan vertical, pertumbuhan
memampat, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertumbuhan horizontal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Pusat Kegiatan Ganda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dikemukakan oleh Harris dan Ulman. Menurutnya suatu kota
dibentuk oleh pusat-pusat kegiatan fungsional kota yang terbesar, kemudian
setiap pusat mempunyai peran yang penting dalam kota. Pusat-pusat tersebut
mempunyai fungsi yang sama tetapi pada umumnya pusat-pusat tersebut mempunyai
fungsi yang berbeda yang saling menunjang. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam teori ini pola
keruangannya tidak lagi konsentris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemekaran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Kota</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemekaran
kota adalah perluasan wilayah perkotaan yang bertujuan untuk mengimbangi
peningkatan kebutuhan ruang kota akibat perkembangan dan pertumbuhan kota. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam pemekaran kota perlu memperhatikan factor-faktor
social, budaya, fisik, politik, dan administratif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur Tata Ruang Kota </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
social ekonomi penduduk perkotaan akan mempengaruhi perubahan dan perkembangan
tata ruang kota sehingga membentuk zona-zona perkotaan seperti berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inti kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inti kota adalah pusat
kota yang merupakan tempat berkumpulnya berbagai aktivitas ekonomi, social,
budaya dan pemerintahan. Sarana dn prasarana yang terdapat dalam inti kota
antara lain, kompleks pertokoan, pasar, permukiman, perkantoran, stasiun,
terminal, adsministrasi pemerintahan, sekolah, serta tempat hiburan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selaput inti kota </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selaput inti kota
merupakan daerah yang terletak di luar inti kota. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selaput inti kota ini terbentuk akibat
perkembangan inti kota ke arah luar. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perkembangan tersebut dapat membentuk pola-pola unit kegiatan sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Sentralisasi,
yaitu timbulnya gejala pengelompokan kegiatan pada tempat utama. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah
ini umumnya merupakan pusat keramaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nukleasi, yaitu pusat kegiatan yang
hamper sama dengan sentralisasi, tetapi ukurannya lebih kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desentralisasi, yaitu timbulnya gejala
pengelompokkan yang menjauh titik pusat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segregasi, yaitu kelompok-kelompok
permukiman yang terpisah karena adanya perbedaan social, ekonomi, dan budaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota satelit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota satelit adalah
daerah yang memiliki sifat kekotaan sabagai akibat perkembangan inti kota. Kota
satelit berfungsi sebagai kota produksi di bidang industry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub-urban</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub-urban adalah suatu
daerah yang lokasinya terletak di sekitar pusat kota atau inti kota dengan luas
mencakup daerah penglaju. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo47;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Pertumbuhan</b> <b>Kota di Indonesia</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l88 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan kota yang berasal dari pusat
kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l88 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan kota yang berasal dari pusat
pertumbuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l88 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan kota yang berasal dari pusat
administrasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo107;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interaksi Wilayah Desa dengan Kota</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi
wilayah adalah hubungan timbal balik yang saling mempengaruhi antara dua
wilayah atau lebih yang dapat menimbulkan gejala atau permasalahan baru.
Interaksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara wilayah desa dan kota
dapat terjadi karena beberapa factor. Menurut Edward Ullman penyebab timbulnya
interaksi antarwilayah antara lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya wilayah yang saling melengkapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksudnya
adalah wilayah-wilayah yang memiliki potensi sumber daya yang berbeda-beda,
baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagi perkotaan, interaksi antara kota dan desa
mempunyai manfaat sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l87 level1 lfo64;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpenuhinya sumber daya alam sebagai
bahan mentah atau bahan baku industry</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l87 level1 lfo64;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpenuhinya kebutuhan pokok yang
dihasilkan perdesaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l87 level1 lfo64;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpenuhinya kebutuhan tenaga kerja yang
diperlukan bagi perkotaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l87 level1 lfo64;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tersedianya tempat pemasaran hasil
industry</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
pedesaan interaksi antara kota dan desa mempunyai manfaat sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l106 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terpenuhinya
barang-barang yang tidak ada di desa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l106 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masuknya
pengaruh kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dari desa ke kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l106 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Membuka
lapangan kerja baru di sector pertanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kesempatan untuk intervensi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kemudahan pemindahan dalam ruang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak
Interaksi Desa dengan Kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditinjau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari aspek ekonomi antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Memperlancar
hubungan antara desa dan kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan volume perdagangan antara
desa dan kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbulkan perubahan orientasi ekonomi
penduduk desa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbulkan kawasan perdagangan sebagai
tempat untuk melakukan transaksi jual beli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meningkatkan
pendapatan penduduk desa dan kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditinjau dari aspek social antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Terjadinya
mobilitas antara desa dan kota</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terjadinya
saling kebergantungan antara desa dan kota khususnya dalam bidang pasokan bahan
mentah dan tenaga kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditinjau dari aspek budaya antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo108; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Meningkatnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tingkat pendidikan masyarakat pedesaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadinya perubahan tingkah laku,
khususnya masyarakat pedesaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meningkatnya
potensi sumber daya budaya yang dapat menarik wisatawan.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB VI</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">WILAYAH (REGION) DAN PUSAT PERTUMBUHAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar kompetensi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menganalisis
wilayah dan pewilayahan</span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kompetensi dasar</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.2 <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Menganalisis kaitan antara konsep wilayah
dan pewilayahan dengan perencanaan pembangunan wilayah</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menganalisis wilayah dan pewilayahan Negara
maju dan Negara berkembang</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Wilayah (<i>Region</i>)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Walter Isard (1950), ilmu tentang wilayah bertujuan menggabungkan tiga disiplin
ilmu, yaitu ekonomi, geografi, dan planologi. Secara umum wilayah dapat
diartikan sebagai sebagian permukaan bumi yang dapat dibedakan dalam hal-hal
tertentu dari daerah sekitarnya. Contohnya, sebagian wilayah dari permukaan
bumi dapat disebut sebagai wilayah pertanian karena setiap orang di wilayah
tersebut memiliki sebidang tanah dengan luas tertentu, mengolah tanahnya
menjadi lahan pertanian, dan memiliki alat-alat pertanian tertentu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut ini beberapa pengertian wilayah oleh para
ahli:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut P. Vidal de la Blache,
wilayah adalah suatu tempat yang didalamnya terdapat banyak hal yang
berbeda-beda, tetapi dalam bentuk buatan tergabung secara bersama dan
saling menyesuaikan untuk membentuk kebersamaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. M. Fenneman, wilayah
adalah suatu daerah yang memiliki bentang lahan sejenis dan dapat dibedakan
dengan daerah tetangganya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Taylor, wilayah adalah
suatu daerah di permukaan bumi yang dapat dibedakan dengan daerah
sekitarnya berdasarkan kenampakan karakteristik yang menyatu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Dickinson, wilayah adalah
suatu daerah yang didalamnya terdapat kondisi-kondisi fisik yang
memungkinkan terciptanya tata kehidupan ekonomi tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Patt, wilayah adalah suatu
daerah yang keberadaannya dikenal berdasarkan keseragaman umum, baik
berdasarkan keadaan lahan maupun keadaan penduduknya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo87; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Cressey, wilayah (<i>region</i>)
adalah keseluruhan dari lahan, air, udara, dan manusia dalam hubungan yang
saling menguntungkan. Setiap region merupakan satu keutuhan (<i>entity</i>)
yang batasnya jarang ditentukan secara tepat. Menurut Cressey, region
merupakan suatu kesatuan esensial antara ciri-ciri fisik dan ciri-ciri
budaya.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Wilayah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
beberapa konsep wilayah yang muncul sebelum Perang Dunia (PD) I, antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah alamiah (<i>natural region</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep ini lebih
mengutamakan pada unit alamiah dalam penggambaran wilayahnya sehingga disebut
wilayah alamiah (<i>natural region</i>)<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah kenampakan tunggal (<i>single
feature region</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan wilayah
ini berdasarkan adanya kenampakan tunggal (<i>single feature region</i>),
misalnya kenampakan iklim, vegetasi, dan hewan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
wilayah kenampakan tunggal awalnya menggolongkan permukaan bumi menjadi
beberapa wilayah, namun setelah PD I lebih memusatkan pada penggolongan dalam
wilayah sebagian permukaan bumi saja. Sebagai contoh, penggolongan wilayah
iklim oleh Thornthwaite dan penggolongan wilayah fisiografis oleh Fenneman.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo89; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun 1937, Geographical
Association mengklasifikasikan wilayah berdasarkan:</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenisnya
(<i>generic</i> <i>region</i>), yang menekankan pada jenis suatu wilayah ,
misalnya wilayah iklim, wilayah pertanian, dan wilayah vegetasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekhususannya
(<i>specific</i> <i>region</i>), merupakan suatu wilayah yang memiliki
ciri-ciri geografi yang khusus dan ditentukan oleh lokasinya dalam hubungannya
dengan wilayah lain, misalnya wilayah kawasan Asia Tenggara. Daerah ini
merupakan daerah tunggal dengan ciri-ciri geografi yang khusus antara lain
lokasi, penduduk, adat, dan bahasa.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo89; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah seragam (<i>uniform</i> <i>region</i>)</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
wilayah ini terdapat keseragaman pada kriteria-kriteria tertentu. Contohnya,
wilayah pertanian yang didalamnya terdapat keseragaman antara petani atau
daerah pertanian. Keseragaman tersebut menjadi sifat yang dimiliki oleh
elemen-elemen yang membentuk wilayah.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo89; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah nodus (<i>nodal</i> <i>region</i>)</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
wilayah yang dalam banyak hal diatur oleh pusat-pusat kegiatan yang saling
dihubungkan dengan jalur jalan melingkar. Di dalam wilayah nodus tersebut
terdapat hubungan fungsional antarpusat kegiatan. Menurut G. W. S. Robinson
disebut sebagai wilayah fungsional (<i>functional region</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan,
Whitlessey membagi region menjadi tiga jenis, antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region topik tunggal (<i>single topic
region</i>), lebih mudah ditentukan karena tidak banyak yang menjadi acuan.
Region topik tunggal akan bermakna jika:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region tersebut mempunyai koinsidensi
dengan wilayah homogen yang lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region tersebut mempunyai koneksi kausal
dengan wilayah-wilayah lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region topik gabungan, terdiri atas:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region formal (<i>uniform</i> <i>region</i>),
dengan ciri-ciri pokok keseragaman (homogenitas) atau perulangan pola yang
sejenis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region fungsional (<i>functional</i> <i>region</i>)
adalah adanya hal-hal berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua bagian region berpusat pada suatu
tempat tertentu yang disebut tempat pusat (<i>central</i> <i>place</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l59 level3 lfo90;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat pusat tersebut dihubungkan dengan
wilayah sekitarnya dalam berbagai cara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola sirkulasi yang mengikat pusat
tersebut dengan wilayah sekitarnya.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo90; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Total” region belum merupakan
keseluruhan ruang yang utuh (spatial totality), tetapi meliputi semua ciri
atau bentuk, baik fisik, biotik, maupun sosial dari lingkungan yang secara
fungsional berasosiasi dengan pemanfaatan bumi oleh manusia.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Daldjoeni dalam bukunya Pengantar Geografi Sosial, suatu wilayah (region)
dipandang memiliki homogenitas dalam hal bentuk bentang alamnya (<i>landscape</i>)
dan corak kehidupan masyarakatnya (mata pencaharian dan mentalitas masyarakat).
Contohnya, daerah Gunung Kidul di Yogyakarta yang merupakan daerah karst.
Daerah tersebut dapat digeneralisasikan dengan tanah yang gersang dan agak
tandus, penduduknya miskin, gizi buruk, dan dorongan migrasinya sangat kuat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo109; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewilayahan (<i>Regionalisasi</i>)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewilayahan
merupakan cara kerja dalam mengelompokkan wilayah-wilayah yang serupa atau memiliki
ciri-ciri yang sama ke dalam suatu kelompok wilayah (region). Menurut
McCaskill, region bukan benda yang berwujud, tetapi hanya sebuah rekaan yang
memiliki batas. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setiap tempat
memiliki kriteria tertentu dan berbeda dengan tempat lain dalam melakukan
pewilayahan. Hal itu disebabkan oleh perbedaan sifat dan karakter tempat yang
bersangkutan. Meskipun kriteria pewilayahan setiap tempat berbeda, tetapi
memiliki tujuan umum yang sama, yaitu mengelompokkan objek atau fenomena
geosfer yang homogen sehingga mudah diidentifikasi. Hasil dari pewilayahan
tersebut adalah wilayah-wilayah atau region-region yang berbeda satu dengan
yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pewilayahan
dilakukan dengan dua cara, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo91; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generalisasi Wilayah (<i>Regional</i> <i>Generalization</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generalisasi
atau penyamarataan wilayah adalah upaya membagi permukaan bumi menjadi beberapa
bagian dengan cara mengubah atau menghilangkan bagian-bagian yang dianggap
kurang penting agar karakter-karakter tertentu menjadi lebih tampak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Generalisasi
wilayah dapat diperoleh secara optimal jika memperhatikan dua hal penting,
yaitu tujuan pewilayahan dan ukuran peta (skala peta). Dengan adanya tujuan
dapat diketahui alasan dilakukannya pewilayahan, sedangkan skala peta berfungsi
untuk melihat tingkat kejelasan setiap objek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo91; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Wilayah (<i>Regional
Classification</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
wilayah adalah upaya membagi permukaan bumi secara sistematis menjadi
kelompok-kelompok wilayah tertentu. Dalam hal ini yang perlu diperhatikan
adalah adanya keseragaman sifat yang ada pada wilayah tersebut. Berdasarkan
keseragaman itu, selanjutnya dapat dibuat wilayah berdasarkan kelas-kelas
tertentu. Klasifikasi wilayah ini pada umumnya digunakan untuk pewilayahan
lahan dan penggunaannya. Contohnya, suatu lahan dapat dibagi menjadi lahan yang
dapat ditanami dan lahan yang tidak dapat ditanami.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo109; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberanekaragaman Wilayah (<i>Areal</i>
<i>Differentiation</i>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Hartshorne, <i>areal differentiation</i> adalah perbedaan yang terdapat di
berbagai wilayah di permukaan bumi. Di dalam <i>areal differentiation</i>
terdapat tiga konsep dasar, antara lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo92; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interrelasi dari berbagai jenis
gejala yang terikat oleh bumi secara langsung atau tidak langsung.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo92; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat keberanekaragaman dari gejala
tersebut serta kompleks-kompleks (tingkat kerumitan) yang dibentuknya
disetiap wilayah di bumi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo92; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengungkapan
potensi kewilayahan dari gejala atau kompleks-kompleks tersebut.</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo109; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat Pertumbuhan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat
pertumbuhan adalah wilayah yang tingkat pertumbuhannya sangat cepat dan dapat
dijadikan pusat pembangunan sehingga mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
wilayah sekitarnya. Pusat pertumbuhan dapat berupa unit terkecil dari setiap
wilayah, khususnya wilayah pemerintahan, misalnya dalam tingkat desa. Pusat
pertumbuhan pada dasarnya merupakan wilayah (region) beserta ruang (<i>spatial</i>)
didalamnya yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur fisik dan nonfisik. Seluruh unsur
tersebut mampu mendukung kelangsungan hidup penduduk yang ada dan mampu mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan wilayah sekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo86; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Pusat Pertumbuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l59 level2 lfo90; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Kedudukan Pusat (Central Place
Theory)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
ini dikemukakan oleh Walter Christaller untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan utama,
yaitu faktor-faktor yang menentukan banyaknya, besarnya, dan persebaran kota.
Christaller mengemukakan beberapa konsep, dua diantaranya yang paling penting
adalah tentang <i>range</i> (jangkauan) dan <i>threshold</i> (ambang). <i>Range</i>
adalah jarang yang perlu ditempuh manusia untuk mendapatkan barang kebutuhan
hidupnya yang hanya kadang-kadang saja. Sedangkan <i>threshold</i> adalah
jumlah minimal penduduk yang diperlukan untuk kelancaran dan kesinambungan
suplai barang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang
dan jasa yang <i>threshold</i> dan <i>range</i>nya besar disebut barang dan
jasa tingkat tinggi (<i>high order goods and services</i>). Namun, sebaliknya
barang dan jasa yang <i>threshold</i> dan <i>range</i>nya rendah disebut barang
dan jasa tingkat rendah (<i>low order goods and services</i>). Oleh karena itu,
seharusnya barang dan jasa tingkat tinggi terdapat di kota-kota besar yang
banyak penduduknya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
menggambarkan wilayah-wilayah yang berhubugan, Christaller menggunakan bentuk
segi enam (heksagonal). Lingkaran-lingkaran setiap heksagon yang mencerminkan
wilayah-wilayah pasar yang saling bertumpuk dipisahkan oleh garis lurus. Garis
lurus tersebut merupakan jarak terdekat dari pemukiman menuju pusat
pertumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikut lima asumsi yang dikemukakan oleh Christaller,
antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo93;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Karena
para konsumen yang menanggung ongkos angkutan sehingga jarak ketempat pusat
yang dinyatakan dalam biaya dan waktu dianggap penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo93;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Karena
para konsumen yang menanggung ongkos angkutan sehingga jangkauan suatu barang
ditentukan oleh jarak yang dinyatakan dalam biaya dan waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo93;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Semua
konsumen dalam usaha mendapatkan barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan adalah menuju
ke tempat pusat yang lokasinya paling dekat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo93;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kota-kota
berfungsi sebagai <i>central place</i> bagi wilayah di sekitarnya. Artinya, ada
hubungan besarnya tempat pusat dengan luasnya wilayah pasaran dan banyaknya
penduduk dengan tingginya pendapatan di wilayah yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l30 level1 lfo93;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Wilayah
tersebut dianggap sebagai dataran yang penduduknya tersebar merata dengan
ciri-ciri ekonomi yang sama, khususnya pendapatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Teori Christaller mendapat banyak kritikan dan dinilai
tidak realistis, karena tidak ada wilayah yang homogen dan tidak ada pasar yang
berbentuk heksagon karena kondisi geografi fisiknya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l59 level2 lfo90; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Kutub Pertumbuhan (<i>Growth Pole
Theory</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Teori ini dikemukakan oleh Perroux pada 1955. Dasar teori
kutub pertumbuhan adalah pengamatan terhadap proses pembangunan. Prinsip dari
teori kutub adalah terjadinya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan wilayah dimulai dari
sebuah kota tertentu menuju daerah yang tingkatannya lebih rendah. Proses yang berlangsung
di dalam teori kutub pertumbuhan adalah penjalaran dan penetesan (<i>spend and
tickling down</i>) serta penarikan dan pemusatan (<i>back wash and polarization</i>).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Menurut Dusseldrop terbentuknya wilayah-wilayah dalam
kutub pertumbuhan didasarkan pada factor-faktor sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l102 level1 lfo94;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prinsip
<i>homogenitas</i>, yaitu adanya persamaan kriteria dalam pewilayahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l102 level1 lfo94;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adanya
hubungan dalam ruang (<i>spasial</i>) wilayah pertumbuhan, misalnya <i>interrelasi</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l102 level1 lfo94;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terbentuknya
wilayah-wilayah yang lebih khusus dan berbeda dengan wilayah lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo86; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat-Pusat Pertumbuhan Di Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli
ekonomi Han Redmana menghubungkan teori <i>central place</i> dengan teori <i>growth
</i>pole untuk membahas perencanaan pembangunan di Indonesia. Menurutnya,
pembangunan di Indonesia dilaksanakan melalui pendekatan regional. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level5 lfo86; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
potensi geografis wilayah Indonesia, dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan dibagi atas
wilayah-wilayah pembangunan. Pewilayah tersebut mulai dilakukan sejak tahun
1974 hingga 1979 (Repelita II). Saat itu wilayah Indonesia dibagi menjadi empat
wilayah pembangunan utama yang mencakup sepuluh wilayah pembangunan ekonomi,
antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l69 level1 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan Utama A dengan pusat
utama di Medan, yang terbagi menjadi dua wilayah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo96; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan I, meliputi Aceh dan
Sumatra Utara, pusatnya di Medan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo96; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah pembangunan II, meliputi Sumatra
Barat dan Riau, pusatnya di Pekan Baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l69 level1 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan Utama B, dengan
pusat utama Jakarta, dibagi menjadi tiga wilayah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan III, meliputi Jambi,
Sumatra Selatan, dan Bengkulu, pusatnya di Palembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan IV, meliputi
Lampung, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan DIY, pusatnya di Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan VI, meliputi
Kalimantan Barat, pusatnya di Pontianak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l69 level1 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan Utama C, dengan
pusat utama Surabaya, dibagi menjadi dua wilayah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan V, meliputi Jawa
Timur dan Bali, pusatnya di Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan VII, meliputi
Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, dan Kalimantan Selatan, pusatnya di
Balikpapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l69 level1 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan Utama D, dengan pust
utama di Ujung Pandang, dibagi menjadi tiga wilayah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan VIII, meliputi NTB,
NTT, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, pusatnya di Ujung Pandang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan IX, meliputi
Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Utara, pusatnya di Manado.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l69 level2 lfo95;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pembangunan X, meliputi Maluku
dan Irian Jaya, pusatnya di Sorong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun,
seiring dengan berbagai perkembangan yang ada di Indonesia, perwilayahan
tersebut telah mengalami perubahan. Terutama saat ini banyaknya pemekaran
wilayah berpengaruh pada pola pembangunan yang berlangsung. Selain itu, telah
ada undang-undang tentang otonomi daerah yang memberikan keleluasaan bagi
setiap daerah untuk mengembangkan potensinya masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level5 lfo86; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan Pembangunan Ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakseimbangan
pembangunan di Indonesia, khususnya antara kawasan barat dan kawasan timur
mendorong pemerintah untuk membuat pusat-pusat pembangunan dan pengembangan
ekonomi. Dalam rangka pemerataan pembangunan dan hasil-hasilnya, pada tahun
2000 dibentuk kawasan andalan sebagai pusat-pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan
untuk mengembangkan pusat-pusat pertumbuhan tersebut maka dibentuk Kawasan Pengembangan
Ekonomi Terpadu (KAPET) berdasarkan Kepres No. 150 tahun 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu contoh KAPET adalah KAPET Sasamba yang terdiri dari Kawasan Kota
Samarinda-Sangasanga-Muarajawa-Kota Balikpapan. KAPET Sasamba termasuk dalam
wilayah kerjasama regional negara-negara ASEAN. Lokasi KAPET Sasamba yang
berbatasan dengan negara-negara tersebut membuat posisinya menjadi lebih
strategis untuk berbagai kerjasama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level5 lfo86;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Pusat Pertumbuhan Industri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
industri nasional yang sebagian besar terpusat di Pulau Jawa, mengakibatkan
tidak meratanya aktivitas ekonomi daerah dan menurunnya daya dukung lingkungan
di Pulau Jawa. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah menetapkan adanya Wilayah Pusat
Pertumbuhan Industri (WPPI) yang dikembangkan dengan bertitik tolak dari pembangunan
industri dasar sebagai penggerak yang dapat memacu tumbuh dan berkembangnya
kegiatan social ekonomi lain untuk mewujudkan kesatuan ekonomi nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo109; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan Wilayah Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan
fisik wilayah berasosiasi pada potensi sumberdaya alam dan permasalahan
lingkungan yang dapat timbul akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan oleh manusia. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masalah lingkungan tersebut dapat berupa bencana banjir,
kekeringan, longsor, kebakaran, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Prof. Dr. Sutikno, keunikan wilayah Indonesia
yang dapat diamati antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letak dan Luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nilai
social ekonomi yang strategis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kelimpahan
dan keanekaragaman sumberdaya alam dan sumberdaya hayati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ancaman bahaya dan bencana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi dari luar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Suatu
kebanggaan dan kepercayaan diri bangsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi Iklim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ekstrim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curah hujan bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Periode
basah dan periode kering dengan periode ulang 30 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi geologi Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Struktur
geologi, batuan dan stratigrafi kompleks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak
mengandung sumberdaya mineral/batuan, bahan tambang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rawan bencana geologi: gempa, gunung
api, tsunami dan longsoran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan kondisi geomorfologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bervariasi dan kompleks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satuan bentuk lahan: denudasional,
structural, vulkanik, depositional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik bentuk lahan bervariasi:
relief, topografi, batuan penyusun dan proses geomorfiknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap satuan bentuk lahan mempunyai
karakterisik dan kualitas yang dapat digunakan untuk penilaian kegunaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan kondisi hidrologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketersediaan sumberdaya air sangat
besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distribusinya bervariasi menurut ruang
dan waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumberdaya airnya terbatas baik jumlah
maupun mutunya sedangkan penduduknya sangat padat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian pulau sumberdaya air sangat
besar tetapi penduduk sangat jarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan kondisi tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis tanah bervariasi oleh variasi
iklim, litologi, topografi, biota dan waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar tanah di Indonesia
mempunyai kemampuan dan kesesuaian untuk pertanian, tetapi rawan terhadap
erosi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah yang terkait dengan kondisi
tanah: permeabilitas, kembang kerut, kanduangan unsur hara, erosi, longsoran
dan drainase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunikan kondisi laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Perairan
laut sangat luas dan bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Potensi
sumberdaya alam melimpah: terbaharui/tak terbaharui.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi hidrooseanografinya memungkinkan
untuk melakukan aktivitas bahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Potensi
kelautan dan perikanan sangat besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terumbu
karang dan mangrove luas, ekosistem penting tapi banyak nyang rusak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas perairan laut terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l85 level4 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi flora dan fauna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada tiga zona flora dan fauna
(barat-Wallacea-timur).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat kaya dan tak ternilai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan belum optimal, ada yang
berlebih tetapi ada yang baru dimulai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumberdaya hutan menjadi andalan
pendapatan negara, setelah otonomi menjadi tidak menentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l85 level5 lfo92;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan mempunyai fungsi ekologis tinggi
terhadap kehidupan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">NEGARA MAJU DAN
NEGARA BERKEMBANG</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Standar Kompetensi </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis wilayah dan pewilayahan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompetensi Dasar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis
wilayah dan pewilayahan di negara maju dan negara berkembang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l91 level1 lfo110; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara Maju</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
lokasi dalam geografi mencakup unsur-unsur lokasi dan tempat, interaksi manusia
dengan lingkungannya, pergerakan/mobilitas serta wilayah/<i>regions</i>.
Unsur-unsur ini, bila ditinjau dari kompleksitas ketatanegaraan dan
perkembangan suatu negara, dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu negara-negara maju
dan negara-negara berkembang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo111; text-indent: -39.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Negara Maju</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Bank Dunia
(2005), karakteristik negara-negara maju antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapatan perkapita tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebagian
besar tatanan hidup sosial, politik, dan ekonomi yang relatif maju.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perekonomian
negara biasanya bergantung pada sektor jasa/pelayanan dan industri manufaktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat
pendidikan penduduk tinggi/memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat
kesehatan dan harapan hidup relative tinggi bagi warga negaranya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo98;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Se.bagian
besar penduduk bertempat tinggal di kota</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo111; text-indent: -39.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara-Negara Maju G8</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara-negara
yang tergolong maju hanya mencakup kawasan benua Amerika bagian Utara,
Australia, Eropa Barat dan hanya sebagian kecil Asia. Beberapa negara maju yang
menonjol perannya di dunia antara lain Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Inggris,
Perancis, Italia, Jerman, Jepang, dan Rusia. Kedelapan negara tersebut dikenal
sebagai Kelompok 8 (<i>Group of Eight</i>), yaitu koalisi delapan negara
termaju di dunia, yang merupakan “pelaku-pelaku” ekonomi penting dunia, baik
dalam kawasan regional maupun global. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa
terpenting dalam G8 adalah pertemuan ekonomi dan politik tahunan yang dihadiri
para kepala negara dan pejabat-pejabat internasional. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Namun, selain itu masih ada pertemuan-pertemuan dan
penelitian-penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebijakan lain
yang lebih kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Beberapa hal yang dapat dicontoh oleh negara-negara
berkembang seperti Indonesia dari negara-negara maju diantaranya adalah
aspek-aspek sumber daya manusia berkualitas sebagai modal utama, teknologi maju
bidang industri, struktur organisasi perusahaan maupun pemerintahan yang
fleksibel namun tangguh, penggunaan dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam yang
professional, pengelolaan sumber daya secara efisien dan berkesinambungan,
penguasaan pasar dan potensinya, serta adanya kerjasama multi pihak
(pemerintah-pengusaha-masyarakat) yang kesemuanya bermuara pada tujuan akhir
yaitu peningkatan pendapatan nasional. Tentunya dengan dukungan penuh penegakan
hukum, transpirasi, partisipasi aktif seluruh komponen masyarakat serta
pertanggungan jawab pengelola usaha maupun pemerintahan kepada public secara
benar. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh negara maju
adalah Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Inggris, Jerman, dan Perancis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l91 level1 lfo110; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Berkembang</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
berkembang adalah suatu Negara yang sumber-sumber ekonomi, penduduk, teknologi,
dan sebagainya dapat berubah tetapi pendapatan perkapitanya agak stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo112; text-indent: -39.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Negara Berkembang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Bank Dunia (2005), karakteristik negara-negara
berkembang antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir (selalu) merupakan negara-negara
miskin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir (semuanya) adalah negara-negara
bekas jajahan bangsa Eropa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki hutang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat pertumbuhan penduduknya tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat pendidikannya tergolong rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapatan negaranya kebanyakan dari
sumber ekspor hasil-hasil pertanian dan sumber daya alam lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki daya ekspektasi Indeks
Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) yang rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki standar hidup yang rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya tenaga ahli</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo99; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat
penagguran tinggi serta terus bertambah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Negara-negara berkembang (<i>developing countries</i>)
identik dengan keterbelakangan dan kemiskinan penduduknya, dan keadaan tata
pemerintahan yang tidak selalu mapan, walaupun tidak semua. Kelompok
negara-negara ini sangat banyak jumlahnya dan tersebar di hampir seluruh dunia.
Namun kebanyakan kelompok negara ini berada di benua-benua Afrika, sebagian
besar Asia, Amerika Latin, dan sebagian lainnya di Eropa Timur. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
Negara berkembang adalah Indonesia, India, Nigeria, dan Thailand.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-37123822030855504972012-12-18T10:18:00.001-08:002012-12-18T10:23:40.748-08:00BAB I DINAMIKA BIOSFER<!--[if !mso]>
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I</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN BIOSFER</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara etimologi kata
biosfer terdiri dari dua kata yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bio</i>
yang berarti hidup dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sphere</i> yang
berarti lapisan. Jadi secara harfiah biosfer berarti lapisan hidup, artinya
lapisan tempat makhluk hidup atau organisme. Biosfer adalah lapisan lingkungan
dipermukaan bumi, air, dan atmosfer yang mendukung kehidupan organism. Lapisan
ini terdiri dari litosfer, hidrosfer, dan atmosfer. Lingkungan yang sesuai dan
cocok untuk tempat tinggal makhluk hidup tersebut disebut dengan habitat. Contohnya
adalah habitat ikan emas adalah air tawar. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia dan tumbuhan pun
memiliki tempat untuk mempertahankan kehidupannya dengan kondisi tertentu di
permukaan bumi. Cara yang dilakukan manusia,binatang, dan tumbuhan dalam
memanfaatkan lingkungannya untuk mempertahankan hidupnya disebut dengan
adaptasi. Dalam rangka pengelolaan sumber daya hayati perlu dibuat konsep cagar
biosfer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(biosphere reserve). </i>Cagar
bisofer merupakan suatu tempat yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai
perubahan-perubahan yang dibuat manusia dan arah perubahan lingkungan yaitu
melalui penelitian jangka panjang. Pembuatan cagar biosfer bertujuan sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melestarikan keanekaragaman
komunitas hayati dalam ekosistem alam untuk menjaga keanekaragaman genetika
agar proses evolusinya berjalan terus.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan daerah
penelitian ekologi dan lingkungan, baik di dalam maupun di luar cagar biosfer.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan sarana dan
prasarana untuk pendidikan dan latihan. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERSEBARAN FLORA DAN
FAUNA DI DUNIA</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran flora dan fauna
dipelajari dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">biogeografi. </i>Dalam
mempelajaronya digunakan dua pendekatan yaitu biogeografi sejarah fan ekologi.
Biogeografi sejarah merupakan studi tentang flora dan fauna dengan sudut
pandang perkembangan dan evolusi kelompok organisme, iklim, migrasi, gerakan
bumi pada masa lampau, serta hubungan ekologis masa lalu dengan masa sekarang.
Sedangkan ekologi biogeografi adalah studi tentang persebaran flora dan fauna
dengan sudut pandang interaksi antar organisme dengan lingkungan, dan pengaruh
interaksinya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi persebaran flora dan fauna</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab persebaran </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan populasi yaitu
semakin banyak populasi menyebabkan persediaan bahan makanan tidak mencukupi
bagi keturunannya. Oleh karena itu, suatu spesies hewan harus bermigrasi untuk
mencri makanan di tempat lain. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan habitat
menyebabkan tidak cocoknya suatu spesies hewan untuk terus berada di daerah
yang ditempati. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana persebaran</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara yaitu melalui kekuatan
terbang atau hembusan angin. Contoh angin puyuh atau badai.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air yaitu melalui kekuatan
berenang auatu dibawa oleh arus air atau benda-benda terapung. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahan yaitu karena adanya
gerakan suatu spesies di daratan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengankutan manusia baik
sengaja ataupun tidak sengaja. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(barier) </i>persebaran</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan iklim</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan iklim sangat
berpengaruh terhadap persebaran flora dan fauna. Unsur iklim dapat menjadi
penghambat dalam persebaran flora dan fauna antara lain kelembapan udara,
kondisi temperatur, dan curah hujan. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edafik</i> (tanah)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi tanah sangat
berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman karena tanaman memerlukan unsur hara,
udara dan air yang cukup untuk dapat menjamin hidupnya. Adapun bagi hewan
kondisi tanah berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan hewan dalam menggali tanah.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan geografis</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi geografis yang dapat
menjadi penghambat persebaran flora dan fauna berhubungan dengan bentang alam
antara lain samudra, padang pasir, sungai, dan pegunungan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan biologis</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fakto yang merupakan hambatan biologis
dalam persebaran hewan dan tumbuhan antara lain habitat yang tidak sesuai lagi
dan tidak cocok untuk kelangsungan hidup, tidak ada persediaan makanan lagi,
dank arena adanya predator sehingga hewan dapat bermigrasi ke tempat lain yang
dapat menjamin kelangsungan hidupnya. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran flora di dunia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran tumbuhan di muka bumi didasarkan atas letak geografis
dan fisiologis disebut dengan pendekatan ekologi. Pendekatan ekologi meliputi
distribusi tumbuhan dilihat dari pengaruh kondisi lingkungan, terutama iklim
yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan letak lintang dan pengaruh ketinggian dari
permukaan laut. Sistem bioma merupakan salah satu cara mempelajari persebaran
berbagai jenis tumbuhan. Sistem bioma menekankan pada dinamika komunitas yang
berhubungan dengan iklim dan factor lingkungan lainnya, selai memperhatikan
sejarah evolusi geologinya. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma gurun</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gurun adalah sebuah wilayah
yang menerima curah hujan yang sangat rendah yaitu kurang dari 250 mm per tahun
dan intensitas panas matahari yang tinggi. Di daerah ini biasanya terdiri atas
batu atau pasir dengan tumbuhan yang jarang. Daerah yang paling luas terpusat
di daerah sekitar 20<sup>o</sup> LU, yaitu mulai dari Pantai Atlantik di Afrika
hingga ke Asia Tengah. Di kompleks itu terdapat kompleks Gurun Sahara, Gurun
Arab, dan Gurun Gobi yang luasnya mencapai 10 juta km<sup>2</sup>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri
bioma gurun adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat evaporasi yang lebih
tinggi daripada curah hujan</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air tanah yang cenderung
asin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo68; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curah hujan sangat rendah
+25 cm/tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo68; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelembapan udara sangat
rendah</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan suhu siang dan
malam hari sangat tinggi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vegetasi yang dapat hidup di daerah ini adalah yang mempunyai daun
kecil seperti duri dan mempunyai akar yang panjang. Vegetasi yang dapat hidup
di daerah gurun adalah kaktus, semak-semak akasia, dan pohon kurma. Sedangkan
jenis floranya adalah belalang dan hewan jenis pengerat, contohnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hamster</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gerbil.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma padang rumput (Stepa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah ini terbentang dari
daerah tropika sampai subtropika yang curah hujannya tidak cukup untuk
perkembangan hutan. Daerah ini curah hujannya tidak teratur yaitu antara 250 –
500 mm per tahun. Daerah padang rumput tidak mampu menyimpan air karena tingkat
porositasnya rendah dan system penyaluran air kurang baik. Stepa dapat dijumpai
di Afrika, amerika Selatan, Amerika Serikat, Argentina, dan Austrlia. Contoh
tumbuhannya adalah akasia, sedangkan contoh hewannya adalah rusa, antelop,
kerbau, kanguru, ular, singa, harimau, dan berbagai hewan pengerat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma Savana (Sabana)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabana adalah suatu padang
rumput yang diselingi oleh pohon-pohon yang tumbuhnya menyebar dan sangat
jarang. Bioma sabana merupakan sistem biotik terbesar di bumi, menempati daerah
yang luas di Afrika, Amerika Selatan, dan Australia. Namun, bioma sabana
umumnya terbentuk di daerah tropika ataupun subtropika dengan ciri temperatur
udara panas sepanjang tahun dan hujan musiman. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hujan merupakan faktor
penting terbentuknya sabana. Sabana akan berubah menjadi semak belukar apabila
terbentuk mengarah ke daerah yang intensitas curah hujannya makin rendah.
Sabana akan berubah menjadi hutan nasah apabila terbentuk mengarah ke daerah
yang intensitas curah hujannya makin tinggi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh hewan yang hidup di
bioma sabana adalah hewan jenis perumput seperti kuda dan zebra, dan jenis
karnivor seperti singa, macan tutul, dan anjing hutan. Jenis pohon yang sering
tumbuh adalah palem dan akasia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma hutan basah (Hutan
Hujan Tropis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan basah ini terdapat
daerah tropika mrliputi Amerika Selatan, Semenanjung Amerika Tengah, Afrika, Madagaskar,
Australia bagian utara, Indonesia dan Malaysia. Daerah ini merupakan tempat
tumbuh berbagai jenis tumbuhan karena sepanjang tahun mendapat matahari, air
hujan yang cukup, dan curah hujan di atas 2.000 mm per tahun, dan keadaan
alamnya memungkinkan tumbuhnya berbagai jenis tumbuhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan yang hidup di daerah
ini adalah jenis primata. Di antara primata hutan hujan tropis dalam jumlah
yang besar adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">avenon</i>, monyet,
gorilla, dan simpanse yang terdapat di Afrika, sedangkan orang utan dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gibbon</i> terdapat di Asia. Ciri-ciri hutan
hujan tropis adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo69; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curah hujannya tinggi,
merata sepanjang tahun yaitu antara 200-225 cm/tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo69; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Matahari bersinar sepanjang
tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo69; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan suhunya relatif
kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo69; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di bawah kanopi atau tudung
pohon, gelap sepanjang hari sehingga tidak ada perubahan suhu siang dan malam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma hutan gugur
(Deciduous)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma ini terdapat di daerah
iklim sedang, antara lain Amerika Serikat bagian timur, du ujung selatan Benua
Amerika, Kepulauan Inggris, dan Australia. Curah hujannya merata yaitu
750-1.000 mm per tahun. Daerah ini memiliki empat musim yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat musim panas pohon-pohon
yang tinggi tumbuh dengan daun lebat membentuk tudung, tetapi cahaya matahari
masih dapat menembus tudung tersebut hingga ke tanah karena daunnya tipis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat musim gugur menjelang
musim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pancaran energy matahari berkurang
sinarnya, suhu rendah, dan air cukup dingin. Oleh karena itu, daun-daun menjadi
berwarna merah dan coklat, kemudian menjadi gugur karena tumbuhan sulit
mendapatkan air. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat musim dingin air menjadi
salju, tumbuhan menjadi gundul, dan beberapa jenis hewan dalam keadaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hibernasi </i>(tidur saat musim dingin).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat musim semi menjelang
musim panas, suhu naik, salju mencair, tumbuhan mulai berdaun kembali, tumbuhan
semak mulai tumbuh di permukaan tanah, dan hewan-hewan yang hibernasi mulai
aktif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma Taiga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Corniferous)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma taiga atau hutan pohon
pinus banyak terdapat di belahan bumi utara seperti Rusia bagian utara dan
Kanada. Daerah taiga ini merupakan bioma terluas. Daerah ini memiliki musim
dingin yang cukup panjang dan musim kemarau yang cukup panas sangat singkat. Selama
musim dingin air tanah di daerah ini berubah menjadi es dan mencapai 2 m di
bawah permukaan tanah. Tumbuhan yang dapat hidup di daerah ini sangat sedikit.
Pohon utamanya adalah jenis konifer yaitu pohon <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spruce</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alder</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">birch</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juniper </i>yang bentuk daunnya seperti jarum dan tahan terhadap
kekeringan karena berlapis zat lilin. Sedangkan hewan yang dapat dijumpai
adalah rubah, serigala, dan beruang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bioma Tundra</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tundra merupakan daerah
kutub yang tidak dapat ditanami oleh pepohonan. Hanya lumut yang dapat hidup di
darah ini. Daerah ini terdapat di lingkaran Arktik dan pulau-pulau kecil dekat
Antaratika. Daerah ini memiliki musim dingin yang panjang dan gelap serta musim
panas yang panjang dan terang. Hal ini dikarenakan peredaran matahari hanya
mencapai 23, 5<sup>o</sup>LU/LS. Oleh karena itu, musim tumbuh tanaman sangat
pendek yaitu 30-120 hari pertahun. Hanya tumbuhan tertentu yang mampu bertahan
hidup dalam kondisi yang sangat dingin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis
tumbuhan yang khas adalah lumut, rumput, dan semak. Sedangan hewan yang dapat
dijumpai adalah rusa, kelinci salju, rubah dan hewan pengerat. Burung yang
terdapat di daerah ini antara lain elang, itik, angsa, dan burung hantu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran fauna di dunia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran hewan di muka bumi biasanya yang menjadi penghalang dan
pemisah adalah faktor-faktor fisik yang berhubungan dengan keadaan bumi.
Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain sungai, gunung, padang pasir, gurun, dan
iklim. Satuan terbesar distribusi hewan disebut wilayah persebaran hewan.
Wilayah persebaran hewan ditentukan oleh kondisi zaman dahulu dan hubungannya
dengan masa sekarang antara benua yang satu dan benua yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah persebaran hewan pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Scalter
(1858) dan dikembangkan oleh Huxley (1868) dan Wallace (1876). Menurut Alfred
Russel Wallace fauna dikelompokkan mnjadi enam wilayah yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Neartik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi seluruh
wilayah Amerika Utara dan seluruh daerah Greenland. Amerika Utara bagian timur
terdiri atas hutan gugur, Amerika Utara bagian tengah terdiri atas padang
rumput, dan Amerika Utara bagian utara tedapat hutan konifer yang luas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa hewan yang terdapat
di wilayah Neartik adalah antelop bertanduk cabang tiga, sejenis tupai dari
Amerika Utara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(prairie dog), </i>kalkun,
burung biru, salamander, bison, dan caribou (karibu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Neotropik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi Meksiko
bagian selatan sampai Amerika bagian tengah dan Amerika Selatan. Kondisi
wilayah ini sebagian besar beriklim tropis dan di zona selatan beriklim sedang.
Hewan yang terdapat di daerah ini adalah kukang, armadillo, alpaka, kelelawar
penghisap darah, orang utan, siamang, trenggiling, menjangan, sejenis babi,
kuda, tapir (yang berbeda dengan tapir Asia), dan kera. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Australis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi
Australia, Selandia Baru, Papua, dan Maluku serta pulau-pulau disekitarnya. Sebagian
besar kondisi lingkungannya beriklim tropis dan sebagian lagi beriklim sedang.
Sedangkan kondisi lingkungan Australia yang mencolok disebabkan letaknya yang
terpisah jauh dari benua lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan-hewan yang terdapat di
daerah ini adalah kanguru, trenggiling, koala, kasuari, cenderawasih, kiwi,
kura-kura, buaya, kakak tua, burung penghisap madu, dan burug emu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Oriental</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi benua
Asia beserta pulau-pulaunya yang dekat seperti Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa,
Sulawesi, Srilangka, dan Filipina. Kondisi lingkungan fisik wilayah oriental
cukup bervariasi, namun sebagian besar beiklim tropis. Di wilayah oriental
banyak terdapat hutan tropis sehingga kaya akan flora dan fauna. Hewan-hewan
yang spesifik adalah harimau, gajah, gibbon, orang utan, dan badak bercula
satu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Palearktik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi hampir
seluruh daratan Eurasia dan beberapa daerah tertentu antara lain Himalaya,
Afganishtan, Afrika, Inggris, dan Jepang. Keadaan lingkungannya cukup
bervariasi antara lain memiliki perbedaan suhu yang tinggi dan curah hujan yang
berbeda-beda. Hewan-hewan yang terdapat di daerah ini adalah bison, landak,
kucing kutub, dan menjangan kutub. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Etiopian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah ini meliputi seluruh
daratan Benua Afrika, Madagaskar, dan daratan Arab bagian selatan. Keadaan alam
Ethiopian relative seragam. Di bagian utara Etiopian adalah Gurun Sahara yang
merupakan padang pasir terluas di dunia. Gurun Sahara menjadi pemisah antara
Palearktik dan Ethiopian. Oleh karena itu, hewan yang ada di utara berbeda
dengan di bagian selatan. Hewan yang terdapat di daerah ini adalah gorilla,
simpanse, antelop, burung unta, kuda nil, zebra, dan jerapah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERSEBARAN FLORA DAN
FAUNA DI INDONESIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keanekaragaman flora dan
fauna di Indonesia termasuk tertinggi di dunia, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan
dengan Amerika dan Afrika. Persebaran flora dan fauna di Indonesia dipengaruhi
oleh kondisi geologi pada zaman pleistosen yaitu saat permukaan air laut berada
pada tingkat terendah. Pada saat itu binatang dapat berpindah dengan bebas dari
Asia ke Dangkalan Sunda, sedangkan dari Australia ke Dangkalan Sahul. Oleh
karena itu, persebaran flora dan fauna di Indonesia mempunyai kesamaan dengan
flora dan fauna yang ada di Asia dan Australia. Selain itu juga di pengaruhi
oleh factor fisik yaitu garis lintang, curah hujan, dan ketinggian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran flora di
Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuhan yang terdapat di Indonesia diperkirakan sebanyak 25.000
jenis atau lebih dari 10% jenis tumbuhan dunia. Dari berbagai jenis tumbuhan
yang ada di Indonesia, sebagian besar terdapat di kawasan hutan hujan tropis,
terutama hutan primer yang menutup sebagian besar daratan Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Hujan Tropis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan ini merupakan vegetasi
utama yang tumbuh di daerah tropika seperti Indonesia. Hutan ini sangat lebat
dan hijau sepanjang tahun. hal ini dikarenakan oleh adanya curah hujan dan suhu
udara yang tinggi serta banyak mendapat sinar matahari. Dalam hutan ini
terdapat beraneka jenis tumbuhan, mulai dari pohon besar, perdu, rumput, sampai
tumbuhan parasit. Hutan ini dapat dijumpai di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
dan Papua. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Musim </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan ini tumbuh di daerah
yang memiliki perbedaan antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau yang jelas. Pada
musim kemarau pohon-pohon umumnya kering dan daunnya berguguran guna mengurangi
penguapan. Sedangkan pada musim hujan pohon-pohonnya berdaun lebat. Jenis
pohonnya adalah pohon jati dan angsana. Persebarannya antara lain di Jawa
Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Nusa Tenggara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Bakau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan ini tumbuh di daerah
pantai yang landai dan berlumpur. Hutan ini berfungsi sebagai pencegah abrasi
pantai serta merupakan habitat berbagai jenis ikan. Hutan bakau dapat dijumpai
di pantai timur Sumatera, pantai utara Jawa, pantai Kalimantan, dan pantai
selatan Papua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabana </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabana adalah padang rumput
yang dikelilingi oleh pohon-pohon bergerombol. Sabana dapat dijumpai di Jawa
Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stepa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stepa adalah padang rumput
yang tidak diselingi pohon dan terdapat di daerah yang sedikit curah hujannya.
Stepa tumbuh di daerah Nusa Tenggara Timur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padang Lumut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padang lumut merupakan
vegetasi yang terdapat di puncak pegunungan tinggi dengan suhu yang rendah.
Padang lumut dapat dijumpai di daerah pegunungan Sumatera, Sulawesi, dan Papua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l63 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persebaran fauna di
Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia terletak di antara dua kawasan persebaran fauna dunia
yaitu Oriental dan Australis. Oleh karena itu Indonesia memiliki berbagai macam
fauna dari Asia dan Australia. Akan tetapi, persebaran fauna tersebut mengalami
hambatan karena bentang alam wilayah Indonesia. Berbagai jenis fauna yang ada
di Indonesia meliputi antara lain mamalia (lebih dari 500 jenis), kupu-kupu
(lebih dari 100 jenis), reptile (lebih dari 600 jenis), burung (lebih dari
1.500 jenis), dan amfibi (lebih dari 250 jenis). Secara geografis persebaran
fauna dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauna Indonesia Barat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan ini meliputi Pulau
Sumatera, Pulau Jawa, Pulau Kalimantan, dan pulau-pulau kecil disekitarnya. Fauna
kawasan ini disebut juga sebagai fauna dangkalan sunda. Batas wilayah kawasan
fauna dangkalan sunda adalah garis Wallace. Jenis- jenis fauna kawasan ini
merupakan tipe Asiatis antara lain gajah, banteng, beruang, orang utan,
harimau, tapir, rusa, badak bercula satu, burung elang, ikan pesut (sejenis
lumba-lumba dari Sungai Mahakam), kerbau, babi hutan, buaya, trenggiling,
biawak, bunglon, dan kijang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauna Indonesia Tengah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan ini meliputi daerah
Sulawesi dan Nusa Tenggara yang merupakan fauna khas Indonesia. Persebaran
fauna Indonesia tengah dibatasi oleh garis Wallace di sebelah barat dan garis
weber di sebelah timur. Jenis fauna kawasan Indonesia bagian tengah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah anoa, babi rusa, kura-kura, biawak,
kuskus, kera, tarsius, komodo, buaya, ular, serta berbagai burung seperti
burung cenderawasih, maleo, kakak tua, nuri, dan raja udang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauna Indonesia Timur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan fauna Indonesia
timur meliputi Kepulauan Maluku dan Papua beserta pulau-pulau kecil
disekitarnya. Wilayah ini disebut juga wilayah fauna Dangkalan Sahul.
Jenis-jenis fauna kawasan dangkalan sahul adalah tipe Australis seperti
kanguru, walaby, cenderawasih, kasuari, kakak tua, nokdiak (landak Irian),
oposum layang (pemanjat berkantung), buaya, biawak, kadal, dan kura-kura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PELESTARIAN FLORA DAN
FAUNA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia memiliki sekitar
350 kawasan yang dilindungi dalam bentuk suaka alam. Adanya kawasan tersebut
diatur dalam UU no. 5 Tahun 1976 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok kehutanan.
Undang-undang tersebut menyatakan bahwa hutan suaka alam mencakup kawasan hutan
yang karena sifatnya yang khas diperuntukkan secara khusus bagi perlindungan
alam hayati dan manfaat-manfaat lainnya. Kawasan tersebut terdiri atas cagar
alam dan suaka margasatwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cagar alam adalah kawasan
yang ditetapkan sebagai tempat untuk melindungi tumbuhan dan lingkungannya agar
dapat tumbuh secara alami. Sedangkan suaka margasatwa adalah kawasan yang
ditetapkan sebagai tempat untuk melindungi dan melestarikan berbagai jenis
hewan agar terhindar dari kepunahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman Nasional Kerinci-Seblat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman nasional ini terletak
di kawasan Bukit Barisan terdiri atas kawasan Gunung Kerinci (2.805 mdpl) dan
Gunung Seblat (2.383 mdpl). Luas wilayahnya adalah 14.846 km<sup>2</sup> yang
meliputi Prov. Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Jambi, dan Bengkulu. Satwa
yang terdapat di kawasan ini adalah gajah, badak, tapir, harimau, beruang madu,
dan macan dahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman Nasional
Gede-Pangrango</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tman nasional ini terletak
di kawasan Gunung Gede (2.958 mdpl) dan Gunung Pangrango (3.019 mdpl). Luas wilayahnya
adalah 150 km<sup>2</sup> yang meliputi tiga kabupaten yaitu Bogor, Cianjur,
dan Sukabumi di Jawa Barat. Hutan pegunungan rendah dan tinggi serta sub-alpin
menjadi penutup lahan kawasan ini, sedangkan di puncak gunung terdapat tumbuhan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">edelweiss</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Satwa yang terdapat di kawasan ini adalah
wau-wau jawa, lutung, dan berbagai jenis burung, terutama elang jawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman Nasional Tanjung
Puting</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman nasional ini terletak
di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah bagian selatan. Luas kawasan ini adalah 3.050 km<sup>2</sup>,
yang terdiri dari tanah rawa gambut dan hutan kerangas. Hewan yang terdapat di
kawasan ini adalah orang utan, bekantan, dan ikan arwana. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman Nasional Lore Lindu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman nasional ini terletak
di bagian tenggara Palu, ibukota Sulawesi Tengah. Luas kawasan ini adalah 2.300
km<sup>2</sup>, yang meliputi hutan, padang rumput, dan danau yang terletak di
sebelah barat. Kawasan ini merupakan kawasan untuk mempertahankan hutan eboni
dan jenis monyet hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman Nasional Gunung
Lorentz</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taman nasional ini terletak di
Provinsi Papua bagian tengah. Luas kawasan ini adalah 21.500 km<sup>2 </sup>yang
merupakan kawasan perlindungan terluas di Asia. Kawasan ini meliputi kawasan
Puncak Jaya yang selalu tertutup gletser, berbagai hutan, rawa air tawar, rawa
bakau, dan rawa tropis di pantai selatan. Hutan pegunungan di taman nasional
ini menjadi tempat hidup berbagai hewan antara lain burung nandur, landak, walaby,
kanguru pohon, dan ular sanca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN ANTROPOSFER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah antroposfer berasal
dari bahasa latin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anthropos </i>artinya
manusia dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sphaira </i>yang artinya
lapisan atau lingkungan. Sebuah lingkungan bagian dari biosfer yangmenjadi
tempat hidup manusia disebut dengan antroposfer. Antroposfer menekankan pada
fenomena kependudukan, antara lain mengenai jumlah penduduk, kepadatan
penduduk, dan kualitas penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan kependudukan
muncul akibat pertumbuhan penduduk yang terlalu cepat. Pertumbuhan penduduk
yang cepat pada umumnya terjadi di Negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia,
Negara-negara di Amerika Latin, serta Afrika. Pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat
di Negara berkembang menyebabkan kebutuhan masyrakat yang beragam, terutama
bahan makanan harus ditingkatkan. Hal ini guna menjamin kelangsungan hidup
masyarakat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan yang timbul
akibat pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat adalah kekurangan makan pada sebagian
besar penduduk, berkurangnya kesempatan kerja dan bersekolah, kurangnya tempat
tinggal, serta kekurangan air bersih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDEKATAN MASALAH
KEPENDUDUKAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat tiga pendekatan
yang dpat digunakan dalam menelaah masalah kependudukan, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk sebagai lapangan untuk memperoleh data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data kependudukan dapat dikumpulkan melalui tiga cara sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensus penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensus penduduk merupakan kegiatan menghitung
jumlah penduduk suatu negara. Sensus dilakukan dengan kunjungan dari ke rumah
atau pendekatan individual. Sensus biasanya dilakukan secara teratur yaitu
sekali dalam rentang waktu 5 atau 10 tahun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensus penduduk
dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">facto</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jure</i>.
Sensus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">facto</i> adalah menghitung jumlah penduduk menurut tempat tinggal
mereka pada saat sensus. Sensus jenis ini datanya lebih lengkap, kesalahan yang
disebabkan oleh duplikasi lebih kecil, serta penghitungan kelahiran dan
kematian lebih akurat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
sensus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de jure </i>adalah menghitung
jumlah penduduk menurut tempat tinggal yang tetap. Sensus ini dapat digunakan
untuk mengetahui jumlah penduduk di tempat-tempat rekreasi yang selalu berubah
menurut musim. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ciri-ciri sensus penduduk adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat dan diselenggarakan
oleh pemerintah. Di Indonesia sensus dilaksanakan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badan Pusat Statistik </i>(BPS)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan terhadap penduduk
di suatu wilayah yang batas-batasnya ditentukan secara pasti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merupakan pencatatan universal dan menyeluruh
terhadap seluruh penduduk negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan pencatatan data
setiap penduduk di suatu wilayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan secara serentak
dalam satu hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan secara teratur
dalam kurun waktu tertentu, biasanya setiap 5 atau 10 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah-langkah yang
dilakukan dalam sensus penduduk yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan keterangan yang
ingin diperoleh dari tiap individu. Biasanya keterangan tersebut berupa tempat
tinggal saat sensus, tempat tinggal tetap, hubungan dengan kepala keluarga,
jenis kelamin, umur, status perkawinan, tempat lahir, kewarganegaraan,
pekerjaan, jenis kegiatan, lapangan pekerjaan, jenis pekerjaan, status
pekerjaan, bahasa, kesukuan, kebangsaan, pendidikan, kemampuan baca tulis,
jumlah anak alhir hidup, jumlah keluarga, dan klasifikasi desa-kota. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat daftar pertanyaan
yang dapat dipahami oleh pencacah maupun responden</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengumpulkan data di
lapangan baik dengan wawancara maupun tertulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengolah data, memberi kode,
dan tabulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempublikasikan data hasil
sensus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Registrasi penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Registrasi penduduk adalah
pencatatan setiap peristiwa yang dialami penduduk, misalnya kelahiran,
kematian, perkawinan,perceraian, dan migrasi. Sistem registrasi di Indonesia
belum diatur dalam undang-undang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Survei penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan survei penduduk
sama dengan sensus penduduk, sama-sama mengumpulkan data kependudukan. Perbedaannya
dalam survei penduduk dilakukan pada wilayah tertentu yang terbatas dan dapat
dilakukan kapan saja dan dimana saja tanpa ada batasan waktu. Sedangkan sensus
dilakukan dalam suatu Negara. Survei dilakukan karena untuk mengumpulkan data
dari seluruh penduduk menuntut banyak waktu, biaya, dan tenaga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh yang diambil dalam
survei harus mewakili seluruh penduduk. Hal ini sangat penting untuk
mendapatkan gambaran atau kesimpulan yang benar dan obyektif tentang penduduk
di suatu wilayah. Selain itu, diperlukan pula contoh yang banyak sehingga dapat
menggambarkan keadaan penduduknya. Jika populasi heterogen, misalnya ada
petani, buruh, pedagang, dan pegawai maka sampel yang diambil harus
dikelompokkan kemudian dilakukan pencatatan dan penelitian terhadap tiap
kelompok.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk sebagai lapangan
untuk memperoleh penafsiran pelaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk bersifat dinamis. Oleh karena itu, tingkah laku penduduk
perlu diteliti dan ditafsirkan secara sosiologis. Banyak sifat penduduk
dipengaruhi oleh keadaan penduduk itu sendiri, sedangkan keadaan penduduk
banyak dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan. Contoh peubahan mata pencaharian sebagai petani
berubah menjadi buruh akan mempengaruhi terhadap penilaian terhadap anak.,
selanjutnya akan mempengaruhi sikap dan pola kehidupan dalam keluarga. Agar
daapt menafsirkan secara benar harus dilihat dari berbagai sisi ilmu seperti
agama, geografi, dan ekonomi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk sebagai lapangan
untuk melakukan aksi sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah memperoleh data kependudukan dan menafsirkannya maka dapat
diambil suatu kebijakan dan tindakan yang nyata terhadap masalah kependudukan.
Sebagai contoh tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk Indonesia yang cukup tinggi
menyebabkan permasalahan kependudukan. Oleh karena itu, perlu diatasi dengan
menggalakkan program Keluarga Berencana (KB). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TEORI KEPENDUDUKAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara teori kependudukan,
teori Malthus merupakan yang paling terkenal. Menurut Malthus, kemiskinan
disebakan oleh tidak adanya keseimbangan antara pertambahan penduduk dan
pertambahan bahan makanan. Ketidakseimbangan itu terjadi karena jumlah penduduk
bertambah sesuai deret ukur (1-2-4-8-16-32-64 dan seterusnya), sedangkan bahan
makanan bertambah sesuai deret hitung (1-2-3-4-5-6-7 dan seterusnya). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Malthus, dalam
keadaan sehat dan tetap hidup seorang wanita yang kawin pada usia sekitar 20
tahum dapat melahirkan 10 orang anak atau lebih. Oleh karena itu, menurut
Malthus pada masa mendatang manusia akan hidup sengsara karena bahan persediaan
bahan makanan tidak dapat mengimbangi pertambahan jumlah penduduk. Akan tetapi,
Malthus berpendapat bahwa pertambahan penduduk yang cepat dapat diatasi dengan
cara pengekangan moral, misalnya menunda perkawinan dan kelahiran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan dari Teori Malthus
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak yakin akan kemampuan
tanah untuk menghasilkan bahan makanan yang lebih cepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kemajuan tingkat
hidup manusia karena adanya industrialisasi, trasnportasi, dan distribusi yang
baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kemungkinan
pengurangan kelahiran dengan cara keluarga berencana seperti sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPOSISI PENDUDUK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi penduduk adalah
penggolongan penduduk berdasarkan kriteria tertentu. Secara umum komposisi
penduduk dibedakan berdasarkan empat macam yaitu biologi, sosial, geografi, dan
ekonomi. Komposisi berdasarkan unsur biologi contohnya menurut umur dan jenis
kelamin, berdasarkan unsur sosial contohnya menurut tingkat pendidikan, berdasarkan
unsur geografi contohnya tempat tinggal (di pedesaan atau perkotaan), serta
berdasarkan unsur ekonomi contohnya menurut jenis pekerjaan dan tingkat
pendapatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l47 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi penduduk
berdasaarkan umur dan jenis kelamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelompokkan berdasarkan
umur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelompokkan berdasarkan
umur umumnya dilakukan menurut selisih umur 1 tahun (0,1,2,3 dan seterusnya)
atau lima tahun (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, dan seterusnya). Berdasarkan pengelompokkan
umur dikelompokkan menjadi tiga yaitu golongan muda (0-14 tahun), golongan
dewasa (15-64 tahun), dan golongan tua ( 65 tahun ke atas). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan penduduk muda dan
tua merupakan golongan usia tidak produktif, sedangkan golongan dewasa
merupakan golongan usia produktif. Penggolongan usia dilakukan untuk mengetahui
beban angka ketergantungan penduduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(dependency ratio) </i>yaitu dengan
membandingkan antara penduduk usia tidak produktif dan penduduk usia produktif.
Tujuannnya adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah penduduk usia tidak produktif yang
kebutuhan ekonominya menjadi beban atau tanggungan penduduk usia prosuktif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka beban
ketergantungan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -14.5pt; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="205" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
hasil sensus penduduk tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk usia 0-14 tahun adalah
61.250.199 jiwa, usia 15-64 tahun adalalah 130.861.005 jiwa, dan usia di atas
65 tahun adalah 9.130.795 jiwa. Maka angka beban ketergantungannya adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dependency ratio= </span></i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="112" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 = 53, 78302</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, tiap
100 orang yang berusia produktif menanggung beban ekonomi terhadap sebanyak
53,7 orang usia tidak produktif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 4.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan menurut jenis
kelamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi penduduk menurut
jenis kelamin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(sex ratio) </i>merupakan
perbandingan antara jumlah penduduk laki-laki dan jumlah penduduk perempuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sex ratio</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -14.5pt; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="150" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100jiwa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hasil sensus
penduduk tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk laki-laki Indonesia adalah 101.641.570
jiwa dan yang perempuan adalah 101.814.435 jiw. Ratio jenis kelamin penduduk
Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sex ratio = </span></i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="61" /></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x 100 = 99,83</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, setiap 100 penduduk
perempuan terdapat 99,83 penduduk laki-laki. Angka tersebut menunjukkan bahwa
perbandingan antara jumlah penduduk laki-laki dan perempuan berada dalam
keadaan seimbang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l47 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi penduduk menurut umur dan jenis kelamin dapat
digambarkan dalam bentuk diagram yang disebut dengan piramida penduduk. Melalui
piramida penduduk tersebut struktur penduduk suatu Negara dapat diketahui
dengan mudah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida Ekspansif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida ekspansif
menggambarkan keadaan penduduk yang sedang mengalami pertumbuhan pesat. Hal ini
terjadi karena tingkat kelahiran yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan kematian
penduduk. Contoh Negara Indonesia dan India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida Stasioner</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida stasioner
menggambarkan keadaan penduduk yang mengalami pertumbuhan relatif stabil. Hal
ini dikarenakan tingkat kematian dan kelahiran yang sama. Di dalam struktur ini
jumlah penduduk usia muda, dewasa, dan tua adalah seimbang. Struktur penduduk
demikian terdapat di Negara Amerika Serikat dan Inggris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida Konstruktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piramida ini menggambarkan
keadaan pertumbuhan penduduk yang cenderung mengalami penurunan. Hal ini
disebabkan oleh tingkat kelahiran lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tingkat
kematian penduduk, serta sebagian besar penduduknya berusia tua. Contoh Negara
dengan struktur penduduk tua adalah Jerman, Swedia, dan Belgia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran pertumbuhan
penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan penduduk adalah bertambah atau berkurangnya jumlah
penduduk suatu wilayah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor yang menambah jumlah penduduk adalah kelahiran pendatang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">imigrasi</i>), sedangkan yang mengurangi
jumlah penduduk adalah kematian dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">emigrasi</i>.
Jadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat empat komponen yang
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan penduduk yaitu kelahiran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">birth</i>), kematian (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">death</i>),
imigrasi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">migration/mi</i>), dan emigrasi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Out</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">migration</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mo</i>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan penduduk maka digunakan rumus
persamaan seimbang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(the balancing
equation) </i>yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pt = Po + (B - D) + (Mi – Mo) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah penduduk total</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Po<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah penduduk pada tahun dasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah anak yang lahir hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah penduduk yang mati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah imigran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah emigran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui jumlah penduduk Kecamatan Tanjung adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penduduk bulan
Januari tahun 1990 sebanyak 350.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah kelahiran tahun 1990
sebanyak 2.100 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah kematian tahun 1990
sebanyak 725 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah imigrasi tahun 1990
sebanyak 120 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah emigrasi tahun 1990
sebanyak 65 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penduduk Kecamatan Tanjung pada awal tahun berikutnya,
yaitu pada bulan Januari 1991 adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt = 350.000 + (2.100 – 725) + (120 – 65)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">=350.000 + 1.375 + 55</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">=351.430 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka Kelahiran Kasar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Crude Birth Rate/CBR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kelahiran kasar adalah
perbandingan antara jumlah kelhiran selama satu tahun dan jumlah penduduk pada
pertengahan tahun tiap 1.000 penduduk. Rumus perhitungannya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CBR </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -18.0pt; position: relative; top: 18.0pt;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="11" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kelahiran selama 1 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Population)
</i>jumlah pendudu pada pertengahan tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Jumlah kelahiran di Jakarta pada tahun 2000 sebanyak 198.425 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bayi, sedangkan jumlah penduduk pada pertengahan tahun 2000
sebanyak 9.742.000 jiwa. Angka kelahiran kasar penduduk Jakarta adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CBR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 20,36</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kelahiran kasar di Jakarta adalah 20,36 jiwa tiap
1.000 penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kelahiran umum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(General Fertility Rate/GFR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kelahiran umum adalah
banyaknya kelahiran tiap 1.000 wanita yang berumur 15-44 tahun atau 14-49
tahun. Rumus penghitungannya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GFR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -18.0pt; position: relative; top: 18.0pt;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atau </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GFR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -18.0pt; position: relative; top: 18.0pt;"><img height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="66" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 22.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kelahiran dalam 1 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<sup>f </sup>15-44 atau P<sup>f</sup>14-49 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Banyak penduduk wanita berumur 15-44 atau
14-49 tahun </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pada pertengahan tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta
(umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Jumlah kelahiran di Jakarta pada tahun 2000 sebanyak 198.425
bayi, sedangkan banyaknya penduduk wanita yang berumur 15-49 tahun pada
pertengahan tahun 2000 adalah 3.112.700 jiwa, maka kelahiran umumnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GFR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1000 = 63,74</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kelahiran umum di Jakarta adalah 63,74 tiap 1.000
wanita </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">usia 15-49 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kelahiran menurut
kelompok umur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Age Spesific Fertility
Rate/ASFR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kelahiran menurut
kelompok umur adalah banyaknya kelahiran tiap 1.000 wanita pada kelompok umur
tertentu. Perhitungannya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 2.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 2.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASFR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -20.5pt; position: relative; top: 20.5pt;"><img height="52" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="18" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Umur wanita dalam kelompok tertentu, biasanya dengan
interval<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 tahun (15-19, 20-24, ……….,
45-49) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<sub>x<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>: Jumlah
kelahiran dalam kelompok umur x</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<sub>x</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Banyaknya
wanita dalam kelompok umur x</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta (umumnya
1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Apabila diketahui banyaknya wanita usia 25-29 tahun
adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200.880 jiwa, dan banyaknya
kelahiran pada usia tersebut adalah 50.400 jiwa, maka angka kelahiran menurut
kelompok umur adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASFR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="40" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 251</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kelahiran kelompok
umurnya adalah 251 jiwa tiap 1.000 wanita yang berusia 25-29 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian kasar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Crude Death Rate/CDR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian kasar adalah
perbandingan jumlah antara jumlah penduduk yang meninggal selama 1 tahun dan
jumlah penduduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada pertengahan tahun.
Adapun penghitungannya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CDR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -14.5pt; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="13" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D<sub>x</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kematian tahun x </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<sub>x</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk pada pertengahan tahun x </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Berdasarkan data
kependudukan Kecamatan Tanjung </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diketahui bahwa jumlah
penduduk pada bulan Januari tahun 1990 sebanyak 350.000 jiwa, jumlah penduduk
pada bulan Januari tahun 1991 sebanyak 351.430 jiwa, sedangkan jumlah kematian
sebanyak 725 jiwa, maka angka kematian kasarnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CDR =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -25.5pt; position: relative; top: 25.5pt;"><img height="58" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="144" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1.000 =
2,1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kematian kasar
penduduk Kecamatan Tanjung adalah 2,1 jiwa tiap 1.000 jiwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian menurut
kelompok umur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Age Specific Death
Rate/ASDR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian menurut
kelompok umur adalah jumlah kematian tiap 1.000 penduduk pada kelompok umur
tertentu. Angka kematian ini dihitung dengan rumus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASDR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -14.5pt; position: relative; top: 14.5pt;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="13" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kelompok umur tertentu dengan interval umumnya 5 tahun (0-4, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5-9, 10,14,……)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D<sub>x</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kematian kelompok umur x</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<sub>x</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk kelompok umur x </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Apabila diketahui
jumlah penduduk kelompok umur 20-24 </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tahun banyaknya 8.808 jiwa
dan jumlah kematian banyaknya 80 jiwa, maka angka kematian kelompok umurnya
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASDR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="27" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 9,1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kemtian kelompok
umur 24-29 tahun adaalh 9,1 jiwa tiap 1.000 orang usia tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian bayi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Infant Mortality Rate/IMR)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian bayi adalah
perbandingan antara jumlah kematian bayi yabf usianya kurang dari 1 tahun dan
jumlah kelahiran hidup selama tahun x. angka kematian bayi dihitung dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="14" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kematian bayi selama tahun x</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah kelahiran hidup selama tahun x</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Jumlah kelahiran
hidup di Kecamatan Tanjung pada tahun </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1990 sebanyak 2.100 jiwa,
sedangkan jumlah bayi yang meninggal sebanyak 120 jiwa, maka angka kematian
bayi adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMR = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="27" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 57</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka kematian bayi di
Kecamatan Tanjung pada tahun 1990 adalah 57 jiwa tiap 1.000 bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka Migrasi Masuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(In Migration/Mi)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka migrasi masuk
menunjukkan banyaknya jumlah pendatang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(imigran)
</i>tiap 1.000 penduduk tempat tujuan selama 1 tahun. Angka migrasi masuk
dihitung dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mi = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="7" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Angka migrasi masuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk yang datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk daerah tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Jumlah penduduk di
Kecamatan Tanjung pada tahun 1990 </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebanyak 350.000 jiwa dan
jumlah imiran sebanyak 120 jiwa, maka angka migrasi masuknya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mi = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="40" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 0,34</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, pada tahun 1990 di
Kecamatan Tanjung terdapat 0,34 pendatang tiap 1.000 penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka Migrasi Keluar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Out Migration/Mo)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka migrasi keluar
menunjukkan jumlah penduduk yang keluar dari daerah tempat tinggalnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(emigran)</i> tiap 1.000 penduduk selama 1
tahun. Angka migrasi keluar dihitung dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mo = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="8" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Angka migrasi keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah migrasi keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk daerah asal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jumlah penduduk di Kecamatan Tanjung pada
tahun 1990 </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebanyak 350.000 jiwa dan
jumlah emigran sebanyak 65 jiwa, maka angka emigrasi keluarnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mo = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="40" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 0,18</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, pada tahun 1990 di
Kecamatan Tanjung terdapat 0,18 emigran tiap 1.000 penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka Migrasi Netto <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Net Migration/Mn)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Migrasi netto adalah selisih
antara jumlah migrasi masuk dan jumlah migrasi keluar tiap 1.000 penduduk dalam
1 tahun. Migrasi netto dapat dihitung dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mn = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="48" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x k</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mn<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Angka migrasi netto</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah migrasi masuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah migrasi keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Konstanta (umumnya 1.000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Jumlah penduduk
Kecamatan Tanjung pada tahun 1990 </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebanyak 350.000 jiwa,
jumlah imigran sebanyak 120 jiwa, jumlah emigran sebanyak 65 jiwa, maka angka
migrasi nettonya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mn = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="40" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 1.000 = 0,15</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, angka migrasi netto
Kecamatan Tanjung pada tahun 1990 adalah 0,15 jiwa tiap 1.000 penduduk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
adalah angka yang menunjukkan banyak atau sedikitnya pertumbuhan penduduk tiap
tahun dalam kurun waktu tertentu, umumnya 10 tahun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
geometris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
geometris adalah pertumbuhan penduduk secara bertahap. Disebut juga dengan
pertumbuhan berganda. Laju pertumbuhan penduduk geometris dapat dihitung
dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt = Po (1+r)<sup>t</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk akhir tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Po<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk pada awal tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Laju pertumbuhan penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jangka waktu (umumnya 10 tahun)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penduduk provinsi
Sulawesi Tenggara pada tahun 1990 sebanyak 1.350.000 jiwa dan pada tahun 2000
sebanyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.772.000 jiwa. Laju
pertumbuhan penduduk geometris adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.772.000 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 1.350.000 (1+ r)<sup>10</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1+ r)<sup>10</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1,3125926</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 log<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1+ r)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
log 1,3125926</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 log (1+ r)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,1181299 (antilog)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1+ r)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 1,0275737</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>r<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
0,0275737 = 2,75%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jadi, laju pertumbuhan
penduduk geometris Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara adalah sebesar 2,75% tiap tahun
pada periode tahun 1990 sampai tahun 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
eksponensial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
eksponensial adalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang berlangsung secara terus-menerus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(kontinu). </i>Cara penghitungan laju
pertumbuhan penduduk eksponensial adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt = Po.e<sup>rt</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk pada akhir tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Po<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jumlah penduduk pada awal tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Angka eksponensial (2,718282)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jangka waktu (umumnya 10 tahun)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pertumbuhan penduduk
geometris di atas apabila dihitung dengan menggunakan perhitungan eksponensial
hasilnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo22; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.772.00<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
1.350.000 x 2,718282<sup>10r</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,718282<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1,3125926</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10r log 2,718282<sup>10r</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= log 1,325926</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10r x 0,4342945<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,118129</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>10r<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.5pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,2720041</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>r<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,0272004</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 2,2%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, laju pertumbuhan
eksponensial Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara sebesar 2,82% tiap tahun pada periode
tahun 1990 hingga tahun 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan Penduduk Dunia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut laporan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), penduduk dunia
pada akhir tahun 2002 mencapai 6,5 miliar. Dari jumlah tersbut lima miliar
berada di negara berkembang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Region</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Juta Jiwa)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertumbuhan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Persen)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 97.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 97.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Afrika </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amerika Utara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amerika Tengah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amerika Selatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eropa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oceania </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 97.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">840</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">319</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">531</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">354</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.766</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">728</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">32</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 97.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2,47</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,64</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,77</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,55</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,33</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,18</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,01</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.2pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber: World Population Data Sheet, 2002</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan tabel di atas, dapat diketahui bahwa sebagian besar
(hamper 60%) penduduk dunia berada di benua Asia dengan tingkat perumbuhan
1,33% tiap tahun. di Afrika penduduknya mencapai 840 juta jiwa dengan tingkat
perumbuhan penduduk 2,47% sebagian penduduknya berada di pedesaan. Di Eropa
yang jumlah penduduknya mencapai 238 juta jiwa dengan tingkat pertumbuhan
pendudu 0,18% sebagian besar penduduk tinggal di perkotaan, terutama di Eropa
Timur. Di Amerika bagian utara jumlah penduduknya mencapai 319 juta jiwa dengan
tingkat pertumbuhan 0,64% sebagian besar berada di Amerika Serikat. Di Amerika
bagian tengah jumlah penduduknya 531 juta jiwa dengan tingkat pertumbuhan
penduduk 1,77% sebagian besar penduduknya di Meksiko, sedangkan di Amerika
bagian selatan mencapai 354 juta jiwa dengan tingkat pertumbuhan 1,55% dengan
pusat di Brasil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan Penduduk
Indonesia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penduduk Indonesia selalu mengalami peningkatan dari tahun
ke tahun. Pada tahun 1980 penduduknya mencapai 147,49 juta jiwa, sedagkan pada
tahun 2000 menjadi 203,456 juta jiwa. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk tersebut
dipengaruhi oleh tiga factor yaitu kelahiran, kematian, dan migrasi penduduk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">J.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEBIJAKAN KEPENDUDUKAN DI INDONESIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l66 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuantitas Penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan kependudukan yang menyangkut aspek kuantitas penduduk
umumnya diarahkan pada penurunan laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Salah satu program
pemerintah dalam rangka penurunan laju pertumbuhan penduduk adalah mengadakan
program KB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program KB mulai dilaksanaan sejak tahun1967, yaitu pada saat
presiden Republik Indonesia ikut menandatangani deklarasi tentang kependudukan
oelh pemimpin-pemimpin dunia. Pada tahun 1968, Indonesia membentuk Lembaga
Keluarga Berencana yang berstatus semi pemerintah. Setelah itu dengan adanya Surat
keputusan Presiden No. 8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun 1970
lembaga tersebut berubah nama menjadi Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana
Nasional (BKKBN) yang merupakan lembaga resmi pemerintah. BKKBN berfungsi
melakukan koordinasi terhadap seluruh kegiatan pelaksanaan program secara
nasional. Namun, pada bulan april 1972 status BKKBN diubah menjadi lembaga
pemerintah non-departemen yang berkedudukan langsung di bawah presiden.
Disamping menurunkan laju pertumbuhan penduduk, selain itu tujuan program KB
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbaiki kesehatan ibu
dan anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempermudah sikap orang tua
dalam bertanggung jawab terhadap anak-anaknya, baik dalam pemberian makan,
kesehatan, maupun pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak kesempatan atau
waktu khususnya bagi wanita untuk melakukan kegiatan yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l66 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas penduduk adalah kemampuan penduduk untuk dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan hidupnya secara layak. Setiap orang memiliki kualitas yang
berbeda-beda. Factor yang mempengaruhi kualitas penduduk adalah tingkat
pendidikan dan kesehatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan sangat diperlukan
dalam rangka menigkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan penduduk dalam rangka
mendukung pebangunan bangsa. Oleh karena itu, etiap orang berhak mendapatkan
pendidika, khususnya penduduk usia sekolah (7-24 tahun).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang
menyebabkan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan di Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya pendidikan relatif
mahal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat pendapatan penduduk
rendah sehingga tidak dapat membiayai pendidikan sampai perguruan tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesadaran masyarakat tentang
pendidikan terutama di pedesaan masih rendah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah fasilitas pendidikan
masih sangat sedikit dibandingkan dengan jumlah penduduk Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 103.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam meningkatkan kualitas
pendidikan di Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggalakkan program belajar 9 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan beasiswa bagi siswa yang berprestasi tetapi kurang
mampu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan pembangunan sarana dan prasarana pendidikan seperti
gedung sekolah, laboratorium, dan tenaga pengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggalakkan program kelompok belajar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(kejar), </i>paket A yang setara dengan Sd dan kejar paket B yang
setara dengan SLTP. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesehatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesehatan merupakan salah
satu faktor terpenting dalam menilai kualitas penduduk. Kualitas kesehatan
penduduk dapat diukur berdasarkan angka kematian bayi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(infant mortality rate) </i>dan angka harapan hidup <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(life expectancy rate).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka kematian bayi adalah angka yang menunjukkan jumlah bayi yang
meninggal dunia sebelum mencapai usia 1 tahun tiap 1.000 bayi yang lahir hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka harapan hidup adalh angka yang menunjukkan batas maksimal
usia seorang yang dapat dicapai sejak lahir sampai meninggal dunia. Angka
harapan hidup merupakan indikator yang baik untuk menunjukkan tingkat sosial
dan ekonomi penduduk secara umum. Angka harapan hidup penduduk berbeda di tiap
wilayah karena berbagai factor. Di Negara berkembang sekitar 40 tahun,
sedangkan di Negara maju sekitar 70 tahun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila kualitas kesehatan masih
rendah, diperlukan upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas kesehata tersebut yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan kualitas gizi
keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan jumlah dan
kualitas tenaga medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan kualitas
lingkungan hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan prasarana
kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan penyuluhan
kesehatan kepada masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level2 lfo54; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaksanakan imunisasi
secara gratis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l66 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Redistribusi Penduduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reditribusi penduduk merupakan suatu upaya untuk pemerataan jumlah
penduduk dalam suatu wilayah atau Negara. Di Indonesia redistribusi penduduk
dilakukan melalui program transmigrasi. Menurut UU No. 3 Tahun 1973 tentang
pokok-pokok penyelenggaraan transmigrasi. Transmigrasi adalah perpindahan
penduduk dengan sukarela atau dengan alasan-alasan yang dipandang perlu
dipandang oleh Negara dari suatu daerah padat penduduk ke daerah jarang
penduduk di dalam wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan program transmigrasi adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerataan penyebaran
penduduk dan pembangunan ke seluruh wilayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kesejahteraan,
khususnya bagi para transmigran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan produksi dalam
mengolah sumber daya alam yang tersedia di daerah baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurangan kemiskinan dan
pengangguran di daerah asal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan pertahanan dan
keamanan nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah tujuan transmigrasi di Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah I yaitu Nangroe Aceh
Darussalam, Riau, Jambi, Sumatra Barat, Bengkulu, dan Sumatra Selatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah II yaitu Kalimantan
Barat, Kalimantan tengah, aklimantan timur, dan Kalimantan Selatan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah III yaitu Sulawesi
Tenggara, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Papua,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penyelenggaraannya transmigrasi dapat dibedakan
menjadi lima yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmigrasi umum yaitu
transmigrasi yang diselenggarakan dan dibiayai oleh pemerintah. Pada program
transmigrasi ini memperoleh bantuan dari pemerintah antara lain jaminan hidup
selama 18 bulan pertama dan tanah garapan seluas dua hektar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmigrasi spontan
(Swakarsa) adaalah trasnmigrasi yang dilakukan atas biaya sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmigrasi bedol desa
adalah transmigrasi yang dilakukan oleh seluruh warga desa bersama perangkat
desanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmigrasi sektoral adalah
transmigrasi yang diselenggarakan antar departemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo57; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmigrasi lokal adalah
bentuk transmigrasi yang perpindahannya masih dalam satu wilayah sempit
misalnya dalam lingkup provinsi.</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">STANDAR KOMPETENSI:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami sumber daya alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPETENSI DASAR:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l58 level1 lfo74; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siswa mampu menjelaskan
pengertian sumber daya alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l58 level1 lfo74; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siswa mampu mengidentifikasi
jenis-jenis sumber daya alam </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l58 level1 lfo74; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siswa mampu menjelaskan
pemanfaatan sumber daya alam secara arif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SUMBER
DAYA ALAM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN SUMBER DAYA
ALAM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(natural resources) </i>adalah segala potensi
alam yang dapat dikembangkan untuk proses produksi. Sumber daya alam merupakan
unsure lingkungan hidup yang mendukung kehdupan manusia. Sumber daya alam
terbentuk karena kekuatan alamiah, misalnya tanah, air, dan udara. Namun, tidak
akan bermanfaat apabila tidak dimanfaatkan. Secara umum sumber daya alam dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi tiga yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan kemungkinan
pemulihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam yang dapat
diperbaharui (renewable resources) adalah jenis sumber daya alam yang dapat
dikembalikan persediaannya. Contohnya adalah kesuburan tanah, hutan, dan
tanaman perkebunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam yang tidak
dapat diperbaharui (unrenewable resources) adalah jenis sumber daya alam yang
memerlukan waktu sangat lama untuk pemulihannya jika telah habis dimanfaatkan.
Contohnya adalah minyak bumi, batu bara, dan berbagai mineral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan sifat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam fisik
adalah jenis sumber daya alam yang berupa benda, misalnya bahan galian, tanah,
tenaga panas bumi, dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam hayati
adalah jenis sumber daya alam berupa makhluk hidup baik tumbuhan maupun hewan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan lokasinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam terrestrial
yaitu sumber daya alam yang terdapat di daratan. Contohnya tanah, hutan, dan
bahan galian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam akuatik
yaitu sumber daya alam yang terdapat diperairan. Contohnya, ikan, rumut laut,
dan energi gelombang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN
PENGELOLAANNYA DI INDONESIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah Indonesia luasnya
sekitar 9,8 juta km<sup>2</sup>, terdiri atas wilayah daratan yang luasnya
sekitar 7,9 juta km<sup>2</sup>. Di wilayah Indonesia banyak terdapat sumber
daya alam baik yang dapat diperbaharui maupun yang tidak dapat diperbaharui.
Keberadaaan sumber daya alam di Indonesia disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara astronomis ,
Indonesia terletak di daerah tropika dengan curah hujan yang tinggi menyebabkan
aneka ragam jenis tumbuhan dapat tumbuh subur. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia kaya
akan berbagai jenis tumbuhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara geologis, Indonesia terletak
pada pertemuan antara jalur pergerakan lempeng tektonik dan pegunungan muda,
yaitu pegunungan Sirkum Pasifik dan Mediterania. Letak geologis Indonesia
menyebabkan di Indonesia banyak dijumpai rangkaian gunung api aktif sehingga
memungkinkan terbentuknya berbagai mecm sumber daya mineral yang potensial
untuk dimanfaatkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah lautan Indonesia
mengnadung berbagai macam sumber daya nabati, hewani, dan mineral antara lain
ikan laut, rumput laut, mutiara, serta tambang minyak bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam hubungannya dengan upaya pelestarian lingkungan,
pengelolaan sumber daya alam yang mengacu pada rambu-rambu hukum dan
perundangan yang berlaku, antara lain UU No.11 Tahun 1974 dan UU No.4 Tahun
1982. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU No. 11 Tahun 1974 tentang perairan mengatur kelestarian air dan
sumber-sumber air. Kelestarian air harus dijaga, dilindungi, diamankan, dan
dipertahankan, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan usaha penyelamatan
tanah dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalukan pengamatan dan
pengendalian daya rusak air, sumber-sumber air, dan daerah sekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah terjadinya
pencemaran air yang dapat merugikan pengguna dan lingkungannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU No. 4 Tahun 1982 adalah tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok
pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Tujuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelarasan hubungan antara
manusia dan lingkungannya sebagai salah satu bagian dari tujuan pembangunan
manusia Indonesia seutuhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam
secara bijak dan terkendali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan manusia
Indonesia yang cinta lingkungan dan berperan sebagai Pembina lingkungan hidup
melalui pendidikan lingkungan hidup baik di sekolah dan di luar sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan berwawasan
lingkungan demi kepentingan generasi sekarang dan mendatang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlindungan negara dari
berbagai pengaruh luar yang dapat merusak dan mencemarkan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber daya alam yang ada di Indonesia dan pengelolaannya, adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Daya Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah merupakan media berbagai macam kegiatan manusia, seperti
bertani, berkebun, membangun kawasan permukiman, dan kawasan industri.
Indonesia merupakan Negara agraris karena sebagian besar rakyat Indonesia
bekerja di sektor pertanian. Tanah di Indonesia mempunyai peranan yang sangat
penting dalam rangka menunjang produksi pertanian. Tingkat kesuburan tanah di
berbagai wilayah Indonesia tidak sama. Hal ini disebabkan oleh bahan induk
pembentuk batuan yang berbeda-beda. Secara umum tingkat kesuburan tanah di
Indonesia dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah subur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara berbagai jenis
tanah yang ada di Indonesia, tanah vulkanik merupakan jenis tanah yang paling
subur. Selain itu, yang termasuk tanah subur adalah tanah podzolik dan
alluvial. Jenis-jenis tanah tersebut terdapat di pulau Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara,
dan sebagian Kalimantan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah kurang subur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis tanah yang
kurang subur antara lain tanah pasir, gambut, dan kapur. Jenis tanah tersebut
terdapat di Pulau Jawa, Sumatra, dan Sulawesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah tidak subur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah yang tidak subur merupakan
tanah yang tandus antara lain karena mengalami proses pencucian oleh air hujan.
Salah satu jenis tanah yang tidak subur adalah tanah laterit. Jenis tanah ini
tersebar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di Pulau Jawa bagian barat dan
Kalimantan bagian barat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengelolaan tanah merupakan
upaya terpadu dalam memanfaatkan dan memelihara tanah agar kesuburan,
produktivitas, dan pengawetan tanah serta air di dalam tanah dapat terjamin. Upaya-upaya
praktis yang dapat dilakukan dalam pengelolaan tanah antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berupaya agar permukaan
tanah tetap tertutupi tanaman pelindungnya. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar kandungan
bahan organic dapat dipertahankan atau tidak terangkut bersama aliran permukaan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(run off). </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala tindakan dan
perlakuan dalam mengolah tanah, misalnya membajak dan menyiapkn tempat
pembibitan harus sejajar dengan garis kontur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tanah yang miring
dibuat sengkedan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(terasering). </i>Hal
ini guna mengurangi laju aliran permukaan sehingga tidak mudah menghanyutkan
lapisan tanah bagian atas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah timbulnya alur-alur
pada permukaan tanah, antara lain dengan menanami permukaan tanah dengan
tanam-tanaman penutup yang dapat tumbuh rapat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Daya Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air merupakan sumber daya alam yang mutlak diperlukan bagi
kehidupan manusia. Oleh karena itu, air merupakan unsure utama dalam setiap
sistem lingkungan hidup. Di permukaan bumi, air dapat dibedakan atas air tanah,
sungai, hujan, dan laut. Secara alamiah, sumber-sumber air tersebut merupakan
kekayaan alam yang dapat diperbaharui dan mempunyai daya regenarasi. Hal itu
karena air akan mengalir dalam suatu siklus yang disebut siklus air. Sumber
daya air dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai kepentingan yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengairi areal persawahan
dengan menggunakan sistem irigasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan perikanan dengan
menggunakan air tawar atau payau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangkit tenaga listrik,
yaitu dapat dilakukan dengan cara membuat bendungan terhadap sungai yang volume
airnya besar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air tanah digunakan penduduk
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air besih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah laut di Indonesia
yang luas sangat potensial dikembangkan untuk tempat pariwisata dan olahraga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara yang
dapat dilakukan untuk mengelola sumber daya air antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan bendungan atau
waduk dan penataan sungai, penggunaan air sungau, penggunaan air tanah, dab
penawaran air laut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghemat penggunaan air
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbaiki saluran atau
penampung air bersih yang mengalami kebocoran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Daya Udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara terdiri atas berbagai unsur yang merupakan sumber kehidupan.
Unsur yang terdapat di dalam udara antara lain oksigen, nitrogen, dan
karbondioksida. Udara merupakan salah satu unsur penting untuk kelangsungan
hidup di bumi. Tanpa udara tidak akan ada makhluk yang dapat hidup. Cara yang
dapat dilakukan guna pengelolaan udara adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menekan pertumbuhan populasi
manusia serta memperkecil penghamburan dan penggunaan energy di pabrik atau
mobil untuk mengurangi polusi udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti energi minyak
dengan sumber energi lain, misalnya cahaya matahari, angin, dan panas bumi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperkecil penggunaan mobil
pribadi dan mengutamakan angkutan massal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan kendaraan yang
irit bahan bakar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang penyaring pada
cerobong asap pabrik untuk mengurangi terjadinya polusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Daya Hutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan merupakan suatu areal tanah yang di atasnya ditumbuhi
berbagai jenis dan ukuran tumbuhan. Hutan memberikan banyak manfaat seperti sumber
penghasil kayu dan hasil hutan lainnya, serta sumber yang dapat mengaruhi iklim
dan tata air di sekitarnya. Adanya penebangan dan kebakaran hutan, baik secara
sengaja ataupun tidak menjadikan luas areal hutan semakin berkurang. Hal ini
berakibat berkurangnya peran fungsi hutan sebagai paruparu dunia yang menjaga
keseimbangan dunia CO<sub>2</sub>, meningkatkan kandungan CO<sub>2</sub> di
atmosfer, meningkatkan suhu bumi yang disebut efek rumah kaca. Akibat lain dari
kerusakan hutan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Badai yang akan semakin
meningkat, baik jumlah maupun kekuatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelestarian flora dan fauna
akan terancam punah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi tanah longsor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi banjir pada waktu
musim hujan dan kekeringan pada musim kemarau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia yang terletak di
daerah tropika memiliki hutan yang sangat luas, teridiri dari berbagai macam
jenis. Namun, saat ini hutan di Indonesia sudah mengalami kerusakan hebat.
Selain karena penebangan liar, juga perambah hutan mengalihfungsikan hutan
menjadi lahan pertanian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis hutan yang
terdapat di Indonesia antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Hujan Tropis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan hujan tropis terdapat
di lingkungan iklim tropika. Jenis hutan ini ditandai oleh keanekaragaman
tumbuhan, baik jumlah maupun jenisnya sehingga sering disebut hutan heterogen.
Cirri lainnya adalah pada hutan ini terdapat jenis tumbuhan yang hidupnya
menempel pada tumbuhan lain, seperti anggrek, lumut, dan jamur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan ini tumbuh di daerah
yang memiliki suhu udara, kelembapan, dan curah hujan yang tinggi. Daerah yang
memiliki tipe hutan hujan tropis antara lain Sumatra, Kalimantan, dan Papua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Muson (musim) Tropika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis hutan ini terdapat di
kawasan tropika yang perbedaan musim hujan kemarau sangat jelas. Ciri khas
hutan muson adalah adanya tanaman meranggas pada musim kemarau, misalnya jati.
Tipe hutan ini terdapat di Jawa Timur dan sebagian Pulau Bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan Mangrove</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan ini tumbuh di sekitar
pantai yang berlumpur tebal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis
tanaman yang memenuhi hutang mangrove antara lain nipah dan bakau. Namun, saat
ini hutan ini banyak mengalami kerusakan karena banyak ditebang dan
dialihfungsikan sebagai lahan pertanian. Kawasan hutan ini perlu dijaga
kelestariannya karena berfungsi antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga kawasan pantai dari
abrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai habitat berbagai
jenis spesies payau, seperti udang dan bandeng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai filter zat garam
yang dibawa angin laut ke kawasan darat terutama bagian daunnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan mempunyai fungsi
ekologis sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan merupakan paru-paru
dunia karena dalam proses fotosintesis daun-daun akan menghisap karbondioksida
dan mengeluarkan oksigen. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan hutan dapat menjaga
kestabilam oksigen di udara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan dapat menahan erosi
karena laju aliran permukaan dihambat oleh akar-akar pohon. Selain itu, air
dapat dengan mudah meresap ke dalam tanah sehingga dapat menjaga tata air
tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan merupakan habitat bagi
kelestarian flora dan fauna yang ada didalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Daya Mineral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar kawasan Indonesia terdiri atas pulau-pulau yang dilalui
jalur gunung api, baik sistem pegunungan Pasifik maupun Mediterania. Kedua
jalur pegunungan tersebut mempengaruhi terbentuknya magma dan berbagai mineral
yang terletak pada tubuh gunung berapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepulauan Indonesia dihubungkan oleh laut dangkal sebagai tempat
hidup plankton yang merupakan bahan dasar tambang minyak, gas bumi, dan aspal. Oleh
karena itu, Indonesia juga kaya dengan bahan tambang tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA
ALAM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanian </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan pertanian umumnya
dilakukan di daerah dataran rendah dengan ketinggian 0-700 m dpl. Di pedesaan
kegiatan pertanian merupakan bagian dari kehidupan masyarakat. Kegiatan
pertanian meliputi proses penggarapan tanah untuk tanaman budi daya, mulai dari
penanaman sampai pemeliharaan, pemungutan hasil dan pengelolaan hasil panen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkebunan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkebunan merupakan sistem
pertanian lahan kering dengan jenis tanaman perkebunan sebagai hasil pokoknya. Tanaman
perkebunan tersebut antara lain karet, kopi, tembakau, cengkih, kelapa sawit,
coklat, tebu, dan jambu mete. Berdasarkan usianya, tanaman perkebunan dibedakan
menjadi dua yaitu tanaman semusim dan tahunan. Termasuk dalam tanaman semusim
antara lain tebu, tembakau, dan kapas. Sedangkan yang termasuk tanaman tahunan
antara lain karet, kopi, dan cokelat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikanan merupakan usaha
menyangkut kegiatan penangkapan dan budi daya ikan. Usaha perikanan dapat
dimanfaatkan did arat atau di laut. Budi daya ikan di darat dapat dilakukan di
kolam, waduk, sungai, atau sawah. Jenis ikan yan dipelihara adalah ikan mujair,
nila, gurame, dan emas. Selain itu juga dapat dilakukan di tambak dengan
menggunakan air payau. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikanan di laut pada
umumnya berupa penangkapan ikan. Persebaran perikanan laut di Indonesia
terdapat di Selat Malaka, Laut Jawa, Selat bali, perairan Maluku, dan perairan
Papua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peternakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peternakan merupaan usaha
memelihara dan mengembangkan hewan ternak. Berdasarkan jenis usaha yang
dipelihara, usaha peternakan dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu peternakan
hewan besar, kecil, dan unggas. Peternakan hewan besar terdiri atas sapi,
kerau, dan kuda. Peternakan hewan kecil terdiri atas kambing, domba, babi.
Sedangkan peternakan unggas terdiri dari ayam, itik, dan burung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertambangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang tambang yang
mempunyai peranan cukup besar dalam pembangunan di Indonesia adalah minyak dan
gas bumi. Jenis dan pemanfaatan barang tambang di Indonesia antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak bumi, batu bara, dan
gas bumi dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi yaitu untuk keperluan bahan
bakar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fosfat untuk pembuatan pupuk
dan belerang untuk obat-obatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian barang tambang
untuk bahan bangunan yaitu gamping, marmer, pasir, dan batu kali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pariwisata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keindahan alam di Indonesia
merupakan potensi yang sangat besar dalam pengembangan pariwisata. Di Indonesia
banyak terdapat obyek wisata baik wisata alam, sejarah mapun budaya. Berbagai
kekayaan alam yang terdapat di Indonesia mendorong manusianya untuk dapat
menggunakan sewajar-wajarnya. Agar potensi sumber daya alam yang ada tetap
lestari, diperlukan cara yang bijaksana dalam pemanfaatannya. Cara-cara
tersebut antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya dan hasil guna yang
diehendaki harus dilihat dalam batas-batas yang optimal sehubungan dengan
kelestarian sumber daya alam yang mungkin dicapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mengurangi kemampuan
dan kelestarian sumber daya lain yang berkaitan dalam satu ekosistem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan kemungkinan untuk
mengadakan pilihan penggunaan dalam pembangunan dan di masa depan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehubungan dengan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, pemerintah
menggariskan pokok-pokok inventarisasi yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inventarisasi dan evaluasi
sumber daya alam perlu terus ditingkatkan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan sumber
daya alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam eksplorasi dan
eksploitasi sumber daya alam perlu digunakan teknologi yang sesuai dan tepat
sehingga potensi sumber daya alam dapat dimanfaatkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pelaksanaan
pembangunan perlu diadakan penilaian yang seksama atas pengaruhnya bagi
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rehabilitasi sumber daya
alam dilakukan dengan pendekatan terpadu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendayagunaan sumber daya
alam pantai, wilayah laut, dan udara perlu ditingkatkan tanpa merusak mutu dan
kelestarian lingkungan hidup. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">STANDAR KOMPETENSI:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo75; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis pemanfaatan dan
pelestarian lingkungan hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPETENSI DASAR:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan lingkungan hidup dalam kaitannya
dengan pembangunan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Menganalisis pelestarian lingkungan hidup dalam kaitannya
dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LINGKUNGAN HIDUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN LINGKUNGAN
HIDUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia hidup di muka bumi
tidak sendirian, melaiinkan bersama makhluk hidup lainnya yaitu tumbuhan,
hewan, dan jasad renik. Manusia bersama makhluk hidup lainnya menempati suatu
ruang tertentu. Selain makhluk hidup, di dalam ruang tersebut juga terdapat
makhluk tahk hidup antara lain udara yang terdiri dari bermacam-macam gas, air
dalam bentuk uap, cair, atau padat serta tanah dan batu. Ruang yang menjadi
tempat makhluk hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tak hidup
tersebut dinamakan dengan lingkungan hidup. Lingkungan hidup merupakan kesatuan
ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan, dan makhluk hidup, termasuk didalamnya
manusia dan perilakunya yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan kehidupan dan
kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk hidup lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan lingkungan
hidup mulai mendapat perhatian yang serius dari dunia internasional sejak tahun
1970-an yaitu setelah diadakannya Konferensi PBB tentang lingkungan hidup di
Stockholm, Swedia tahun 1972. Konferensi tersebut dikenal sebagai Konferensi
Stockhol dan tanggal pembukaan konferensi yaitu 5 Juni disepakati sebagai Hari
Lingkungan Hidup se-Dunia. Dalam konferensi tersebut didirikan badan khusus
dalam PBB yang bertugas mengrus lingkungan hidup. Badan PBB tersebut adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United Nation Enviromental Programme </i>(UNEP)
yang markasnya berada di Nairobi, Kenya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan hidup dibedakan
mejadi dua yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan Hidup Alamiah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan hidup alamiah adalah suatu sistem yang amat dinamis
yang merupakan kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan, makhluk hidup,
dan komponen-komponen abiotik lainnya tanpa adanya campur tangan manusia.
Interaksi yang terjadi dalam lingkungan alamiah dan sekitarnya membentuk suatu
sistem ekologi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekosistem</i>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat heterogenitas organism hidup dalam ekosistem alamiah
sangat tinggi. Oleh karena itu, ekosistem alami mampu mempertahankan proses
kehidupan di dalamnya secara sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu contoh lingkungan hidup alamiah adalah hutan primer. Di
dalam lingkungan alamiah itu terjadi interaksi antarkomponen lingkungan,
pertukaran energy dengan materi, serta pergantian (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suksesi</i>) komunitas tumbuhan dan hewan sebagai respons terhadap
perubahan lingkungan ditimbulkan oleh peristiwa alam. Peristiwa tersebut
contohnya gempa bumi, banjir, dan perubahan iklim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan Hidup Binaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan hidup binaan merupakan lingkungan hidup alamiah yang
sudah didominasi oleh kehadiran manusia. Lingkungan ini dapat terbentuk karena
jumlah penduduk dan kebutuhan manusia yang makin meningkat sehingga memaksa
manusia mengubah lingkungan hidup alamiah. Di dalam proses pembentukan
lingkungan hidup binaan manusia akan menghasilkan limbah. Oleh karena itu,
lingkungan hidup binaan selalu ditandai oleh adanya limbah yang berdampak
langsung atau tidak langsung bagi kehidupan manusia, baik dampak fisik maupun
sosial. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan hidup buatan bersifat labil karena tingkat
heterogenitas organisme hidup di dalamnya rendah. Oleh karena itu, untuk
mempertahankan bentuk lingkungan hidup tersebut perlu diberi bantuan energi
dari luar oleh manusia. Contoh lingkungan hidup binaan adalah sawah dan tempat
wisata alam pantai. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
HIDUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas lingkungan hidup
adalah derajat kemampuan lingkungan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar manusia di
tempat dan waktu tertentu. dalam Kebutuhan manusia bermacam-macam antara lain,
sandang, pangan, perumahan pendidikan, kesehatan , keamanan, pekeraan, dan
perlindungan hukum. Oleh karena itu, lingkungan hidup yang berkualitas tinggi
harus dapat memberikan pilihan berbagai macam kebutuhan tersebut. Dengan
demikian, keanekaan dalam lingkungan hidup merupakan unsure yang penng dalam
menentukan kualitas lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar kualitas
lingkungan hidup dapat dibedakan menajdi tiga yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas lingkungan alam
fisik adalah kondisi alamiah, baik biotik maupun abiotik yang berpengaruh
terhadap kehidupan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas lingkungan social
adalah kondisi manusia, baik secara individu maupun secara kelompok yang
berpengaruh terhadap perubahan dan perkembangan manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas lingkungan budaya
yaitu kondisi materi (benda) atau nonmateri yang dihasilkan oleh manusia
melalui aktivitas dan kreativitasnya yang berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KETERBATASAN EKOLOGIS
DALAM PEMBANGUNAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan telah berjalan ratusan
tahun, namun baru pada permulaan tahun 1970 dunia mulai sadar dan cemas akan
pencemara dan kerusakan lingkungan. Adanya pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan
tersebut disebabkan oleh manusia tidak memperhatikan keterbatasan-keterbatasan
yaitu adanya sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. Contohnya bahan
tambang, diantaranya minyak bumi, emas, batu bara, dan gas alam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Indonesia pengelolaan
lingkungan hidup diatur dalam UU No. 4 Tahun 1982 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan
Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Dengan adanya undang-undang tersebut
diharapkan pembangunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilaksanakan
tidak menimbulkan pencemaran dalam suatu ekosistem. Oleh karena itu, dalam
melaksanakan kegiatan pembangunan harus memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo61; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya guna dan hasil guna
yang dikehendaki harus dilihat dalam batas-batas yang optimal sehubungan dengan
kelestarian sumber daya alam yng ingin dicapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo61; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mengurangi kemampuan
dan kelestarian sumber daya lain yang berkaitan dalam suatu ekosistem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l36 level1 lfo61; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meberikan kemungkinan untuk
mengadakan pemilihan (alternatif) penggunaan dalam penggunaan masa depan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERAKSI UNSUR-UNSUR
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan komponen
penyusunnya, suatu ekosistem terdiri atas komponen:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l56 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen abiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen abiotik terdiri atas komponen fisik dan kimia yang
terdiri atas tanah, air, udara, sinar matahari, dan mineral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l56 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisme produsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisme produsen merupakan organism <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">autotrof </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu organisme
yang mampu menyediakan atau mensitesis makanannya sendiri yang berupa
bahan-bahan organik dan anorganik dengan bantuan sinar matahari. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l56 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisme konsumen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisme konsumen merupakan organisme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heterotrof</i> yaitu organisme yang mampu memanfaatkan bahan-bahan
organik sebagai bahan makanannya. Termasuk dalam organisme ini adalah hewan dan
manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l56 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurai atau perombak atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decompocer
</i>merupakan organisme heterotrof yang menguraikan bahan-bahan organik yang
telah mati. Organisme pengurai berupa mikroorganisme yang terdiri atas bakteri
dan jamur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konservasi lingkungan adalah
upaya pelestarian lingkungan, tetapi memperhatikan manfaat yang diperoleh pada
saat itu dengan tetap empertahankan keberadaan setiap komponen lingkungan untuk
pemanfaatan masa depan. Terhadap sumber daya alam yang tak terbaharui,
konservasi menjamin pemanfaatannya secara sederhana. Sementara itu, terdapat
sumber daya alam yang terbaharui, konservasi menajmin kesinambungan
ketersediaannya dengan tetap memelihara dan meningkatkan kualitas nilai serta keragamannya.
Wilayah-wilayah yang perlu dikonservasi adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantai </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia merupakan Negara kepulauan yang dikelilingi lautan. Oleh
karena itu, wilayah pantai terdapat di setiap pulau di Indonesia. Namun, tidak
semua pantai terdapat hutan bakau. Wilayah pantai dan hutan bakau penting
dijaga kelestariannya guna kelangsungan ekosistem yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vegetasi rawa dan hutan rawa
air tawar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vegetasi ini terdapat di Rawa Danu, Jawa Barat, dan Sumatra
seperti di Way Akmbas dan Barbak serta di Kalimantan yaitu di suaka Sampit,
kota Waringin, dan Kutai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahan gambut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahan gambut merupakan ekosistem unik di daerah tropika dan
berkembang biak dengan baik di Kalimantan dan Sumatra. Lahan gambut antara lain
terdapat di Kota Waringin, Sampit, Kutai, Barbak, dan Way Kambas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan kerangas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan kerangas merupakan tipe hutan yang khas yang terdapat pada
jenis tanah pasir-podsol terutama di Kalimantan. Di Indonesia hutan kerangas
terdapat di suaka alam Padang Luwai, Kalimantan Timur dan Mandor, dan
Kalimantan Barat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan dataran rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Htan dataran rendah merupakan hutan yang paling kaya dan terancan
di antara tipe-tipe hutan yang ada karena pengusahaan dan perladangan liar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan musim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vegetasi di daerah iklim musim mudah sekali terbakar pada musim
kemarau dan tanahnya biasanya sangat subur. Pada saat ini hanya sedikit hutan
musim yang masih tersisa, antara lain terdapat di Jawa timur, Nusa Tenggara,
Sulawesi Selatan, dan Papua bagian selatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan pegunungan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa suaka alam yang ada adalah Gunung Leuser di Sumatera,
Gunung Gede, Gunung Arjuno, dan Gunung Ijen di Jawa, serta pegunungan Lorentz
di Papua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo58; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
HIDUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelestarian lingkungan hidup
merupakan suatu upaya untuk mengelola sumber daya lingkungan guna meningkatkan
kualitas kehidupan yang tinggi serta berkelanjutan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo64; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelestarian hutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara ekologi hutan mempunyai fungsi sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan merupakan paru-paru dunia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan dapat menahan erosi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo66; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan merupakan habitat bagi flora dan fauna yang ada didalamnya. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan lindung</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan lindung merupakan
kawasan hutan dengan keadaan sifat alaminya mampu mengatur tata air, mencegah
erosi, dan banjir, serta memelihara kesuburan tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo65; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan perlindungan dan
pelestarian alam (PPA)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan perlindungan dan
pelestarian alam merupakan kawasan hutan yang berfungsi melindungi dan
melestarikan tipe-tipe ekosistem tertentu dari kepunahan. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan produksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan produksi merupakan
kawasan hutan yang dikelola dan diambil hasilnya untuk kepentingan manusia,
contohnya rotan, kayu, dan karet. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo64; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelestarian sumber daya air
dan tanah</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air merupakan sumber daya yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan
karena air mempunyai berbagai macam fungsi, antara lain untuk mandi, mencuci,
dan air minum. Oleh karena itu, sumber daya air harus dijaga kelestariannya antara
lain dengan tidak melakukan penyedotan air tanah secara berlebihan dan tidak
membuang limbah baik limbah industry maupun limbah rumah tangga ke dalam
badan-badan air yang dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo64; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelestarian keanekaragaman
hayati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain mengupayakan pelestarian hutan juga melestarikan beberapa
asli tanaman, misalnya pelestarian terhadap padi jenis Cianjur dan Rojolele.
Selain itu, perancanangan puspa nasional pada bunga melati dan satwa nasional
komodo, merupayakan upaya untuk melestarikan tanaman dan hewan asli. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l73 level1 lfo64; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelestarian udara</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Guna menghindari atau mengurangi terjadinya pencemaran udara
beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo67; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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mobil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo67; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan energi selain minyak bumi, misalnya energi panas bumi,
angin, dan panas matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo67; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi penggunaan mobil pribadi dan mengutamakan angkutan
massal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo67; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-57664440853113439472012-12-08T06:45:00.002-08:002012-12-08T06:46:38.544-08:00BRT di Kota XXX<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh: Agus Eka
Setiabudi</span></i></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Kota-kota besar saat ini telah banyak yang memiliki Bus Rapid Transit atau
bahasa sehari-harinya lebih di kenal dengan BRT. Tidak hanya Jakarta, beberapa
kota di Indonesia juga ternyata sudah menerapkan sistem seperti Trans
Yogyakarta misalnya punya Trans Jogja. Seperti dikutip laman wikipedia, Trans
Jogja sebuah sistem transportasi bus cepat, murah dan ber-AC di seputar Kota
Yogyakarta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
saat ini di kota XXX juga memiliki Bus Rapid Transit. apakah memang tujuannya
untuk membuat nyaman penumpang atau mengurangi kemacatan ataupun hanya ingin
menjaga gengsi dengan kota-kota lain bahwa kota XXX telah memiliki BRT (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cuma kepengen punya aja
pemerintahnya, biar kayak Jakarta. hehe) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahkan di kota XXX BRTnya
sendiri sudah sangat banyak, sampai-sampai BRTnya sendiri bisa di sewakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
prosesnya, pengerjaan BRT tidaklah sulit, hanya dengan membangun tempat
transit/pemberhentian dan juga membangun jalur khusus Bus sendiri, namun yang
menjadi menu wajib dalam pengerjaan BRT ini adah pembangunan tempat
pemberhentian, karena kalau tidak ada tempat pemberhentian bukan BRT namanya
(sok tau). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun
di kota XXX sendiri, Saya sangat menyangkan dengan diadakannya BRT, padahal “angkutan
umum sebelumnya” masih sangat layak untuk dijalankan(sama-sama dingin, make AC),
kenyamanannyapun antara “angkutan umum sebelumnya” dengan BRT saya rasa, tidak
jauh berbeda, bahkan tempat duduknya lebih banyak dari BRT sekarang ini yang kata
teman Saya sepertinya mubazir, harga pun sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
hemat Saya hanya satu keuntungan dari BRT sendiri dengan angkutan sebelumnya,
yaitu trayek/jangkauan/perjalanannya lebih jauh. Tetapi Apakah angkutan
sebelumnya tidak bisa? Mengapa harus mengganti “angutan umum sebelumnya” padahal
“angkutan umum sebelumnya” trayeknya bisa dirubah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti trayek BRT sekarang ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
sih bedanya BRT dengan “angkutan sebelumnya”. Sekarang kalau kita lihat di Kota
XXX, penerapan BRT-nya hanya mengandalkan sebuah halte khusus. Sedangakan jalur
khusus tidak ada. Namun, jujur kalau melihatnya saya heran. Bedanya apa ya
dengan bus biasa? Tidak ada jalur khusus, tidak ada ketepatan waktu, tidak
cepat juga (karena bercampur dengan kendaraan lain), bahakan masih lebih cepat angkutan
lain seperti angkot yang ukurannya jauh lebih kecil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
itu, Saya juga sangat tidak setuju, haltenyapun mengambil jalur trotoar/pejalan
kaki, apakah jalur pejalan kaki tidak begitu penting? Saya yang masih aktif sebagai
pejalan kaki, sangat tidak setuju dengan konsep halte BRT yang seperti ini,
sampai-sampai membabat habis jalur trotoar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahkan
Saya juga sempat di buat bingung dengan kenek BRTnya, pada tempat pemberhentian
di depan swalayan, kenek Bus 1 dan 2 saling rebutan penumpang apa bedanya
dengan angkutan umum biasanya, kalau antar kenek sampai rebutan penumpang? Di samping
itu juga seharsnya jarak antar bus dengan bus yang lainnya harus lah memiliki
jarak, (10-15 menit) tapi kenpa kok bias terjadi seperti kejadian diatas yang
pada ahirnya saling rebutan penumpang?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau
boleh saya bilang penerapan BRT di kota XXX itu hanya merupakan “transportasi
perilaku”. Ya, transportasi ini hanya bermanfaat untuk mengubah perilaku
masyarakat Indonesia yang sukanya naik-turun di sembarang tempat. Dengan adanya
BRT, penumpang jadi “terpaksa” harus tertib naik-turun di halte-halte yang
telah ditentukan (bahkan lebih ekstrim lagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cuma kepengen punya aja pemerintahnya, biar kayak Jakarta)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<i>Lah, kalau cuma kelebihannya itu, kenapa tidak memperbaiki sistem “angkutan
sebelumnya” saja? </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Daripada membeli BRT yang banyak (sampai-sampai bisa di sewakan) dan
membangun halte pemberhentian yang masih belum jelas juga, kenapa dananya tidak
untuk memperbaiki/menambah “angkutan umum sebelumnya” dan memperbaiki jalan?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oya
penjelasan ini hanya opini saya saja ya. Bukan merupakan penelitian ilmiah.
Jadi kalau ada kesalahan penjabaran konsep saya mohon maaf :)<i></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-2644690503404363822012-12-08T03:15:00.000-08:002012-12-08T03:16:46.159-08:00mangrove<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 1</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Belakang</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Betapa pentingnya arti kelestarian
hutan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mangrove dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rumput</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">laut bagi kelangsungan hidup ekosistem kelautan maka sudah
selayaknya dan sewajarnya lah apabila pemerintah sangat memperhatikan
keselamatan Hutan-hutan Bakau dan Rumput Laut yang ada di Negara Indonesia. Tak
terbayangkan apa yang akan dirasakan oleh seluruh masyarakat Indonesia suatu
saat kelak ekosistem Hutan Mangrove (hutan Bakau) dan budidaya Rumput Laut
hancur atau bahkan musnah, seberapa besar nilai kerugian yang akan didapat, dan
seimbangkah dengan pendapatan dan penghasilan dari kegiatan perekonomian yang
hanya akan berdampak sesaat saja? Tanpa memperhatikan dampak negatif jangka
panjang bagi Indonesia.
Kerugian Materiil yang sangat besar nilainya jika di
rupiahkan dan kerugian sprituil yang tak ternilai harganya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hutan Bakau (mangrove) merupakan
komunitas vegetasi pantai tropis, yang didominasi oleh beberapa jenis pohon
mangrove yang mampu tumbuh dan berkembang pada daerah pasang surut pantai
berlumpur (Bengen, 2000) sedangkan Rumput Laut merupakan salah satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumberdaya_hayati" title="Sumberdaya hayati"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumberdaya
hayati</span></a> yang terdapat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_pesisir" title="Wilayah pesisir"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wilayah
pesisir</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">laut</span></a>.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sementara ini wilayah pesisir
didefinisikan sebagai wilayah dimana daratan berbatasan dengan laut. Batas
wilayah pesisir di daratan ialah daerah-daerah yang tergenang air maupun yang
tidak tergenang air dan masih dipengaruhi oleh proses-proses bahari seperti
pasang surutnya laut, angin laut dan intrusi air laut, sedangkan batas wilayah
pesisir di laut ialah daerah-daerah yang dipengaruhi oleh proses-proses alami
di daratan seperti sedimentasi dan mengalirnya air tawar ke laut, serta
daerah-daerah laut yang dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan-kegiatan manusia di daratan
seperti penggundulan hutan dan pencemaran.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kawasan pesisir dan laut merupakan
sebuah ekosistem yang terpadu dan saling berkolerasi secara timbal balik
(Siregar dan Purwaka, 2002). Masing-masing elemen dalam ekosistem memiliki
peran dan fungsi yang saling mendukung. Kerusakan salah satu komponen ekosistem
dari salah satunya (daratan dan lautan) secara langsung berpengaruh terhadap
keseimbangan ekosistem keseluruhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumput laut serta hutan bakau merupakan dua jenis contoh
kekayaan alam yang telah dibuat oleh sang pencipta demi keberlangsungan hidup
manusia. Untuk itu, tugas bagi para generasi penerus adalah selalu berusaha
untuk menjaga serta melindungi semua kekayaan alam yang di miliki oleh bangsa
kita. Memanfaatkan semua kekayaan alam yang ada itu tidak dilarang, akan tetapi
kita juga harus memahami bagimana cara agar apa yang kita miliki tidak habis
begitu saja tanpa memikirkan dampak kedepannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan</b></div>
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Adapun tujuan dalam pembuatan makalah
ini adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengetahui dan Memahami</span> Hutan <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mangrove</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengetahui
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan Memahami</span> dari Rumput Laut
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DESKRIPSI TENTANG HUTAN MANGROVE</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tentang Hutan Mangrove</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kata mangrove berarti tumbuhan tropis beserta
komunitasnya yang tumbuh di zona intertidal. Zona intertidal adalah kawasan
dibawah pengaruh pasang surut sepanjang garis pantai, seperti pantai
estuari,lagun dan tepi sungai. Secara umum mangrove merupakan pohon dan
semak-semak yang tumbuh dibawah level air tertinggi di musim semi. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hutan bakau</span>
atau disebut juga <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hutan Mangrove</span>
adalah hutan yang tumbuh di atas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa-rawa</a> berair <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Payau (halaman belum tersedia)">payau</a> yang terletak pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_pantai" title="Garis pantai">garis
pantai</a> dan dipengaruhi oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang-surut&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pasang-surut (halaman belum tersedia)">pasang-surut</a> air laut. Hutan
ini tumbuh khususnya di tempat-tempat di mana terjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpur" title="Lumpur">pelumpuran</a> dan
akumulasi bahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organik (halaman belum tersedia)">organik</a>. Baik di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk" title="Teluk">teluk-teluk</a> yang
terlindung dari gempuran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">ombak</a>, maupun di sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muara (halaman belum tersedia)">muara</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> di mana air
melambat dan mengendapkan lumpur yang dibawanya dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hulu (halaman belum tersedia)">hulu</a>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ekosistem hutan bakau bersifat khas, baik karena adanya
pelumpuran yang mengakibatkan kurangnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aerasi (halaman belum tersedia)">aerasi</a> tanah; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinitas" title="Salinitas">salinitas</a>
tanahnya yang tinggi; serta mengalami daur penggenangan oleh pasang-surut air
laut. Hanya sedikit jenis tumbuhan yang bertahan hidup di tempat semacam ini,
dan jenis-jenis ini kebanyakan bersifat khas hutan bakau karena telah melewati
proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">adaptasi</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam tinjauan siklus bio</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">massa, hutan mangrove memberikan
masukan unsur hara terhadap ekosistem air, menyediakan tempat berlindung dan
tempat asuhan bagi anak-anak ikan, tempat kawin/pemijahan, dan lain-lain.
Sumber makanan utama bagi organisme air di daerah mangrove adalah dalam bentuk
partikel bahan organik (detritus) yang dihasilkan dari dekomposisi serasah
mangrove (seperti daun, ranting dan bunga). Selama proses dekomposisi, serasah
mangrove berangsur-angsur meningkat kadar proteinnya
dan berfungsi sebagai sumber makanan bagi berbagai organisme pemakan deposit
seperti moluska, kepiting dang cacing polychaeta. Konsumen primer ini menjadi
makanan bagi konsumen tingkat dua, biasanya didominasi oleh ikan-ikan buas
berukuran kecil selanjutnya dimakan oleh juvenil ikan predator besar yang
membentuk konsumen tingkat tiga Singkatnya, hutan mangrove berperan penting
dalam menyediakan habitat bagi aneka ragamjenis-jenis komoditi penting
perikanan baik dalam keseluruhan maupun sebagian dari siklus hidupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mangrove meliputi bermacam-macam jenis dari tumbuhan
beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya. Tomlinson(1986) mengklasifikasikan menjadi 3
kelompok </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Komponen
Mayor:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tumbuhan yang berkembang secara morfologi seperti sistem
akar aerial dan mekanisme fisiologi pengeluaran garam untuk beradaptasi dengan
lingkungan mangrove, secara taksonomi terisolasi dari terestial, hanya dapat
dtemukan di hutan mangrove dan tegak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Komponen
Minor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Atau disebut juga tumbuhan pantai : tumbuhan ini tidak
menarik perhatian,mengelilingi habitatnya dan jarang yang berbentuk tegak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kumpulan
Mangrove</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tumbuhan ini tidak pernah tumbuh di komunitas Mangrov
sejati dan terdapat ditumbuhan terestial.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hutan
mangrove berkembang di zona intertidal sepanjang garis pantai seperti estuari
lagun, delta, delta estuari dan lagun estuari. Hutan mangrove besar ditemukan
sepanjang garis pantai yang berlumpur, terlindung, terbebas dari dari angin dan
arus yang kuat. Hutan mangrove tumbuh subur jika banyak mendapat persediaan
sedimen dan air tawar. Air payau tidak penting namun baik untuk pertumbuhan
mangrove. Hutan mangrove juga dapat tumbuh di pantai berpasir dan berbatu,
terumbu karang dan pulau.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah
mangrove di Indonesia menurun sangat cepat karena dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan
lahan dan sumber daya yang berlebihan yang diakibatkan oleh peningkatan populasi
dikawasan pantai.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karakterisik Morfologi dan Fisiologi Tumbuhan Mangrove</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem
Akar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah habitat mangrove menjadi anaerobik(tanpa udara)
ketika terendam air. Beberapa spesies mangrove mengembangkan karakteristik
sistem akar disebut akar aerial, cocok untuk kondisi tanah anaerobik. Akar
aerial adalah akar yang mengarah keudara sedikitnya selama setengah hari
terkadang sehari penuh.(Gill dan Tomlinson,1975). Akar aerial berfungsi untuk
pertukaran gas dan penyimpanan udara untuk pernapasan selam terendam air.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah
buahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 207px; left: 0px; margin-left: 14px; margin-top: 163px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 345px; z-index: -6;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Rhizophora_trees.jpg"><img alt="Pohon bakau, Rhizophora racemosa." border="0" height="207" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" title=""Pohon bakau, Rhizophora racemosa."" width="345" /></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Semua spesies mangrove menghasilkan buah-buahan yang
biasanya tersebar di air. Spesies mangrove membentuk buah-buahan seperti
silindris, bola kacang, dan lain-lain. Contohnya : Rhizophoraceae(membentuk
buah silindris atau tongkat), avicennia(buahnya berbentuk kacang), sonneratia
dan Xylocarpus(buahnya berbentuk bola), dan lainnya mempunyai buah berbentuk
kapsul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pohon bakau, <i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ciri-ciri tumbuhan bakau</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tumbuhan bakau memiliki ciri-ciri yang
menyolok jika dibandingkan dengan jenis tumbuhan lainnya, yaitu :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pohon besar, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dengan<i> </i>akar tunjang yang
menyolok dan bercabang-cabang</span>. Tinggi total 4-30 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter" title="Meter"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">m</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, dengan tinggi akar mencapai 0.5-2 m atau lebih di atas lumpur, dan
diameter batang mencapai 50
cm. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bakau merupakan salah satu jenis pohon penyusun utama ekosistem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_bakau" title="Hutan bakau"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hutan bakau</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Daunnya
tunggal yang terletak berhadapan serta <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">terkumpul di ujung ranting</span>, dengan kuncup tertutup daun
penumpu yang menggulung runcing. Helai daun eliptis, tebal licin serupa
kulit, hijau atau hijau muda kekuningan, berujung runcing, bertangkai,
3,5-13 × 7-23 cm.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Daun penumpu cepat rontok,
meninggalkan bekas serupa cincin pada buku-buku yang menggembung</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bunga
berkelompok dalam payung tambahan yang bertangkai dan menggarpu di ketiak,
2-4-8-16 kuntum, berbilangan 4. Tabung kelopak bertaju sekitar 1,5 cm dengan warna
kuning kecoklatan atau kehijauan dan berbentuk melengkung. Sedangkan daun
mahkotanya berwarna putih berambut atau gundul agak kekuningan tergantung
dengan jenisnya. Perbungaan pada tumbuhan bakau ini terjadi sepanjang
tahun</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Buah berbentuk telur memanjang sampai mirip buah pir yang
kecil, hijau coklat kotor.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hutan bakau</span>
atau disebut juga <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hutan Mangrove</span>
adalah hutan yang tumbuh di atas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa-rawa</a> berair <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Payau (halaman belum tersedia)">payau</a> yang terletak pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_pantai" title="Garis pantai">garis
pantai</a> dan dipengaruhi oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang-surut&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pasang-surut (halaman belum tersedia)">pasang-surut</a> air laut. Hutan
ini tumbuh khususnya di tempat-tempat di mana terjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpur" title="Lumpur">pelumpuran</a> dan
akumulasi bahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organik (halaman belum tersedia)">organik</a>. Baik di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk" title="Teluk">teluk-teluk</a> yang
terlindung dari gempuran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">ombak</a>, maupun di sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muara (halaman belum tersedia)">muara</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> di mana air
melambat dan mengendapkan lumpur yang dibawanya dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hulu (halaman belum tersedia)">hulu</a>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ekosistem hutan bakau bersifat khas, baik karena adanya
pelumpuran yang mengakibatkan kurangnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aerasi (halaman belum tersedia)">aerasi</a> tanah; <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinitas" title="Salinitas">salinitas</a>
tanahnya yang tinggi; serta mengalami daur penggenangan oleh pasang-surut air
laut. Hanya sedikit jenis tumbuhan yang bertahan hidup di tempat semacam ini,
dan jenis-jenis ini kebanyakan bersifat khas hutan bakau karena telah melewati
proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">adaptasi</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di Indonesia,
hutan-hutan mangrove yang luas terdapat di seputar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dangkalan_Sunda&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dangkalan Sunda (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dangkalan Sunda</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> yang relatif tenang dan merupakan tempat bermuara
sungai-sungai besar. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Yakni di
pantai timur </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Sumatra</span></a><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">, dan pantai barat serta selatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kalimantan</span></a><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">. Di pantai utara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Jawa</span></a><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">, hutan-hutan ini telah lama terkikis oleh kebutuhan penduduknya terhadap
lahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas dan Penyebaran</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Hutan-hutan
bakau menyebar luas di bagian yang cukup panas di dunia, terutama di sekeliling
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatulistiwa" title="Khatulistiwa">khatulistiwa</a>
di wilayah tropika dan sedikit di subtropika.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Luas hutan
bakau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>
antara 2,5 hingga 4,5 juta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hektar" title="Hektar">hektar</a>, merupakan mangrove yang terluas di dunia. Melebihi Brazil (1,3 juta ha), Nigeria
(1,1 juta ha) dan Australia
(0,97 ha)
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Di Indonesia, hutan-hutan mangrove yang luas terdapat di
seputar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dangkalan_Sunda&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dangkalan Sunda (halaman belum tersedia)">Dangkalan Sunda</a> yang
relatif tenang dan merupakan tempat bermuara sungai-sungai besar. Yakni di
pantai timur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>,
dan pantai barat serta selatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>. Di
pantai utara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>,
hutan-hutan ini telah lama terkikis oleh kebutuhan penduduknya terhadap lahan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Di bagian timur Indonesia, di tepi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dangkalan_Sahul&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dangkalan Sahul (halaman belum tersedia)">Dangkalan Sahul</a>,
hutan-hutan mangrove yang masih baik terdapat di pantai barat daya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a>, terutama di
sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Bintuni" title="Teluk Bintuni">Teluk Bintuni</a>. Mangrove di Papua mencapai luas 1,3
juta ha, sekitar sepertiga dari luas hutan bakau Indonesia.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1644129493800673773" name="5091126093428006407"></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fungsi hutan Mangrove/ hutan bakau</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl9mJe1K_qTnRbziA-t6buz4vPPrOVpTgFEEPdL8V1uFUDc_s6o3v4KRFjuG9Fy1qZbPoqjc04zYsGLaE-iQSMMwNMdi-CY185mKHSP1HLjt7lSWv4JEc_v2k-694P1S1O6Y0QDgO7neyX/s1600-h/154.jpg"><img align="left" border="0" height="152" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu yang paling penting dan terkenal adalah sebagai pencegah abrasi pantai.
Akar-akar mangrove yang unik dan menarik (ada yang berbentuk cakar ayam,
pensil, dan lain-lain), mampu menjebak sedimen, sehingga membentuk dataran
baru. Fungsi lain yang tak kalah pentingnya adalah sebagai peredam gelombang
tsunami. Fakta di NAD membuktikan bahwa perumahan penduduk yang terlindung oleh
mangrove tidak banyak mengalami kerusakan, apabila dibandingkan dengan
perumahan yang tak terlindung. Hal ini karena gelombang tsunami mampu diredam
hingga sekian persen (oleh mangrove), sehingga kekuatannya saat menerpa
perumahan bisa tereduksi dan tak terlalu besar lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Mangrove bisa dibudidayakan menjadi bibit-bibit mangrove yang siap jual. Di Rembang
Jawa Tengah,
terdapat komunitas petani mangrove yang sudah maju. Mereka mampu menjual hingga
ribuan bibit mangrove kepada berbagai pihak/instansi yang memerlukan.
Bibit-bibit mangrove tersebut digunakan sebagai green belt untuk merehabilitasi
pantai/pesisir yang rusak karena abrasi.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
itu, mangrove berguna pula sebagai obat anti kanker, konstruksi, pariwisata
penyamak kulit, arang, bahan makanan, dan lain sebagainya. Jadi kalau ada
anggapan bahwa mangrove = tusuk gigi dan kayu bakar, itu adalah anggapan salah,
yang perlu segera diluruskan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manfaat Hutan Mangrove</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum manfaat hutan bakau dapat dilihat dari segi
ekonomis, fisik, dan segi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biologi :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><img align="left" alt="http://www.jakarta.go.id/distan/images/Gambar/bakau%20untuk%20mancing.gif" height="120" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="188" /><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Sosial Ekonomi Hutan
Bakau,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wisata</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alam</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengahasil</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kayu
Bakar</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghasil</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kayu
Arang</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghasil
Bahan Baku kertas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghasil Tannin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghasil
kayu Bangunan/Tiang Pancang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mata</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pencarian masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pangan</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber
bahan obat-obatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><img align="left" alt="http://www.jakarta.go.id/distan/images/Gambar/bakau-1.gif" height="136" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="184" /><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fisik</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penahan</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Abrasi</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menahan
Instrusi Air Laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurunkan
kondisi Gas CO2 di atsmosfir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penahan</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Angin</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><img align="left" alt="http://www.jakarta.go.id/distan/images/Gambar/vegetasi%20nypa.gif" height="130" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="198" /><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Biologi</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat
hidup biota laut</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber
produktifitas perairan</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DESKRIPSI TENTANG
RUMPUT LAUT</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 225px; left: 0px; margin-left: 114px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 300px; z-index: -1;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Codiumfragile.jpg/200px-Codiumfragile.jpg" height="225" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="300" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pen</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span>ertian</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Rumput Laut</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b>Rumput
laut</b> atau <b>gulma laut</b> merupakan salah satu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumberdaya_hayati" title="Sumberdaya hayati">sumberdaya
hayati</a> yang terdapat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_pesisir" title="Wilayah pesisir">wilayah
pesisir</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut">laut</a>.
Rumput/gulma laut merupakan terjemahan langsung dari <i>seaweed</i>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Yang dimaksud
sebagai rumput laut adalah anggota dari kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> yang
dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a>
( ganggang ). Sumberdaya ini biasanya dapat ditemui di perairan yang
berasosiasi dengan keberadaan ekosistem <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu
karang</a>. Rumput laut alam biasanya dapat hidup di atas substrat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koral&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koral (halaman belum tersedia)">karang</a> mati. Beberapa daerah pantai
di bagian selatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a>
dan pantai barat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>, rumput laut banyak ditemui hidup di atas
karang-karang terjal yang melindungi pantai dari deburan ombak. Di pantai
selatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa
Barat</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>
misalnya, rumput laut dapat ditemui di sekitar pantai Santolo dan Sayang
Heulang di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Garut" title="Kabupaten Garut">Kabupaten Garut</a> atau di daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon" title="Ujung Kulon">Ujung Kulon</a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Pandeglang" title="Kabupaten Pandeglang">Kabupaten Pandeglang</a>. Sementara di daerah
pantai barat Sumatera, rumput laut dapat ditemui di pesisir barat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Lampung" title="Provinsi Lampung">Provinsi
Lampung</a> sampai pesisir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Utara" title="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanggroe_Aceh_Darussalam" title="Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam">Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam</a>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Selain hidup
bebas di alam, beberapa jenis rumput laut juga banyak di<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budidaya" title="Budidaya">budidayakan</a>
oleh sebagian masyarakat pesisir Indonesia. Contoh jenis rumput laut
yang banyak dibudidayakan di antaranya adalah <i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euchema_cottonii&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Euchema cottonii (halaman belum tersedia)">Euchema cottonii</a></i> dan <i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gracilaria&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gracilaria (halaman belum tersedia)">Gracilaria</a> spp.</i> Beberapa
daerah dan pulau di Indonesia yang masyarakat pesisirnya banyak melakukan usaha
budidaya rumput laut ini di antaranya berada di wilayah pesisir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Administrasi_Kepulauan_Seribu" title="Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu">Kabupaten Administrasi
Kepulauan Seribu</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi" title="Provinsi">Provinsi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Riau" title="Kepulauan Riau">Kepulauan
Riau</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Lombok" title="Pulau Lombok">Pulau Lombok</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Rumput</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
laut, jenis dan morfologisnya yang memuat tentang jenis-jenis rumput laut
berdasarkan kelasnya, bentuk thallus, kandungan pigmen, fungsi-fungsi bagian
rumput laut serta beberapa hal mendasar yang membedakan rumput laut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>morfologis dan pengamatan ciri lain yang
lebih terperinci. Rumput laut (seaweed), alga, ganggang dan lamun (seagrass)
adalah tumbuhan yang memiliki perbedaan. Rumput laut atau yang biasa disebut
dengan seaweed merupakan tanaman makro alga yang hidup di laut yang tidak
memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati dan pada umummnya hidup di dasar
perairan. Rumput laut disebut tanaman karena memiliki klorofil (zat hijau daun)
sehingga bisa berfotosintesis. Rumput laut juga sering disebut sebagai alga
atau ganggang pada daerah-daerah tertentu di Indonesia. Akan tetapi rumput laut
(seaweed) berbeda dengan lamun (seagrass). Lamun adalah tanaman yang hidup
dilaut dan tidak memiliki klorofil. Lamun merupakan kompetitor bagi rumput
laut, dan biasanya tumbuh di daerah dekat pantai yang cenderung kotor.Dalam
bidang budidaya dibutuhkan untuk menentukan kesesuaian lahan budidaya dengan
rumput laut yang dibudidayakan. Dalam bidang pengolahan, pengetahuan jenis
rumput laut diperlukan untuk memudahkan perlakuan pasca panen dan proses
pengolahan yang akan dilakukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumput
laut merupakan makro alga yang hidup di laut yang tidak memiliki akar, batang
dan daun sejati dan pada umumnya hidup di dasar perairan dan menempel pada
substrat (benda lain). Fungsi dari akar, batang dan daun yang tidak dimiliki
oleh rumput laut tersebut digantikan dengan thallus. Karena tidak memiliki
akar, batang dan daun seperti umumnya pada tanaman, maka rumput laut digolongkan
ke dalam tumbuhan tingkat rendah (Thallophyta). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian – Bagian Dari Rumput
Laut</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian-bagian
rumput laut secara umum terdiri dari holdfast yaitu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian
dasar dari rumput laut yang berfungsi untuk menempel pada substrat dan thallus
yaitu bentuk-bentuk pertumbuhan rumput laut yang menyerupai percabangan. Tidak
semua rumput laut bisa diketahui memiliki holdfast atau tidak. Rumput laut
memperoleh atau menyerap makanannya melalui sel-sel yang terdapat pada
thallusnya. Nutrisi terbawa oleh arus air yang menerpa rumput laut akan diserap
sehingga rumput laut bisa tumbuh dan berkembangbiak. Perkembangbiakan rumput
laut melalui dua cara yaitu generatif
dan vegetatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
morfologis rumput laut merupakan tanaman laut yang berklorofil dan memiliki
thallus ( batang ). Rumput laut tidak memiliki perbedaan yang jelas antara
akar, batang dan daun. Pertumbuhan dan percabangan thallus rumput laut antara
jenis yang satu dengan yang lainnya berbeda-beda. Bentuk thallus rumput laut
juga bervariasi, antara lain bulat seperti tabung, pipih, gepeng, bulat seperti
kantong, lembaran dan juga ada yang berbentuk seperti helai rambut.
Bentuk-bentuk percabangan thallus rumput laut diantaranya adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
bercabang Thallus tumbuh memanjang atau menjalar dan tidak memiliki percabangan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thallus
rumput laut yang tidak bercabang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dichotomous
(Bercabang dua) Tiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tiap thallus yang
tumbuh akan memiliki cabang dan dari cabang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ini
akan muncul cabang lagi dan begitu seterusnya. Thallus memiliki cabang dan dari
cabang muncul cabang lagi. Pinnate alternate Thallus tumbuh bercabang dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dua sepanjang thallus utama secara </span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berselang-seling
(berganti-ganti) Thallus tumbuh bercabang dua secara berselang-seling</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pinnate
distichous Thallus tumbuh bercabang dua-dua sepanjang thallus utama secara
beraturan Pertumbuhan thallus secara beraturan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetratichous
Thallus tumbuh dengan memiliki percabangan duadua sepanjang thallus utama
Thallus bercabang dua</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ferticillate</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Cabang-cabang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
thallus tumbuh dengan melingkari thallus sebagai sumbu utama Cabang tumbuh
melingkari thallus </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polystichous
Cabang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cabang thallus tumbuh pada
thallus utama secara tidak beraturan (banyak cabang pada thallus utama)
Cabang thallus tidak beraturan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pectinate
Cabang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cabang thallus tumbuh pada
satu sisi thallus </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabang
tumbuh pada satu sisi thallus. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monopodial
Cabang tumbuh satu-satu pada tiap thallus </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sympodial
Percabangan pada thallus tumbuh searah dan bias lebih dari satu cabang
pada masing-masing thallus.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Jenis rumput laut yang potensial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rumput laut potensial yang dimaksud disini adalah
jenis-jenis rumput laut yang sudah diketahui dapat digunakan diberbagai
industri sebagai sumber karagin, agar-agar dan alginat. Karaginofit adalah
rumput laut yang mengandung bahan utama polisakarida karagin, sedangkan
agarofit adalah rumput laut yang mengandung bahan utama polisakarida agar-agar
dan keduanya merupakan rumput laut merah (Rhodophyceae). Alginofit adalah
rumput laut coklat (Phaeophyceae) yang mengandung bahan utama polisakarida
alginat.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumput laut
yang mengandung karaginan adalah dari marga Eucheuma. Karaginan ada tiga
macam, yaitu iota karaginan dikenal dengan tipe spinosum, kappa karaginan
dikenal dengan tipe cottonii dan lambda karaginan. Ketiga macam karaginan
ini dibedakan karena sifat jeli yang terbentuk. Iota karaginan berupa jeli
lembut dan fleksibel atau lunak. Kappa karaginan jeli bersifat kaku dan
getas serta keras. Sedangkan lambda karaginan tidak dapat membentuk jeli,
tetapi berbentuk cair yang viscous. Tabel 1. dibawah ini menunjukkan jenis
rumput laut karaginofit dengan fraksi karaginannya. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">spinosum
merupakan rumput laut yang secara luas diperdagangkan, baik untuk
keperluan bahan baku industri di dalam negeri maupun untuk ekspor.
Sedangkan edule dan Hypnea sp hanya sedikit sekali diperdagangkan dan
tidak dikembangkan dalam usaha budidaya. Hypnea biasanya dimanfaatkan oleh
industri agar. Sebaliknya cottonii dan spinosum dibudidayakan oleh
masyarakat pantai. Dari kedua jenis tersebut jenis cottonii yang paling
banyak dibudidayakan karena permintaan pasarnya sangat besar. Jenis
lainnya Chondrus spp., Gigartina spp., dan Iridaea spp tidak ada di
Indonesia.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manfaat
dari Rumput Laut</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumput laut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sangat berguna bagi tubuh dan kehidupan manusia, karena:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kandungan
yang bermanfaat dari rumput laut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnesium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalsium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iodine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Besi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seng</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin B 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumput laut banyak digunakan sebagai
bahan baku udding.
Contohnya yaitu alga cokelat, yang digunakan untuk bahan baku es krim, pengolahan tekstil, pabrik
farmasi, semir sepatu, dan pabrik cat. Alga merah untuk bahan baku udding makanan, farmasi, penyamakan
kulit, dan pembuatan bir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumput laut dapat juga digunakan sebagai
bahan untuk pupuk tanaman, campuran makanan ternak, dan juga bahan baku kosmetika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumput laut diketahui kaya akan nutrisi
esensial, seperti enzim, asam nukleat, asam amino, mineral, trace elements, dan
vitamin A,B,C,D,E dan K. Karena kandungan gizinya yang tinggi, rumput laut
mampu meningkatkan uddin kerja hormonal, limfatik, dan juga saraf. Selain itu,
rumput laut juga udd meningkatkan fungsi pertahanan tubuh, memperbaiki uddin
kerja jantung dan peredaran darah, serta uddin pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumput laut dikenal juga sebagai obat
tradisional untuk batuk, asma, uddingsm, TBC,
cacingan, sakit perut, demam, rematik, bahkan dipercaya dapat meningkatkan daya
seksual. Kandungan yodiumnya diperlukan tubuh untuk mencegah penyakit gondok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Cina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
rumput laut juga biasa digunakan untuk pengobatan kanker. Tingginya tingkat
konsumsi rumput laut mungkin berhubungan dengan rendahnya insiden kanker
payudara pada wanita di uddin tersebut. Mungkin hal itu disebabkan oleh
kandungan klorofil rumput laut yang bersifat antikarsinogenik. Selain itu,
karena kandungan vitamin C dan antioksidannya yang dapat melawan radikal bebas,
rumput laut bermanfaat untuk memperpanjang usia dan mencegah terjadinya penuaan
dini.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Semua rumput laut kaya akan kandungan serat yang dapat
mencegah kanker usus besar. Serat dapat melancarkan pencernaan dengan membentuk
zat seperti gelatin dalam usus halus dan meningkatkan kadar
air dalam fases. Konsumsi serat dapat membantu uddingsm lemak sehingga
menurunkan kadar kolestrol darah dan gula darah.
Rumput laut juga membantu pengobatan tukak lambung, radang usus besar, susah
buang air besar, dan gangguan pencernaan lainnya.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mangrove </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berarti tumbuhan
tropis beserta komunitasnya yang tumbuh di zona intertidal. Zona intertidal
adalah kawasan dibawah pengaruh pasang surut sepanjang garis pantai, seperti
pantai estuari,lagun dan tepi sungai. Secara umum mangrove merupakan pohon dan
semak-semak yang tumbuh dibawah level air tertinggi di musim semi. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sedangkan </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rumput
laut</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah anggota dari kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a> ( ganggang ).
Sumberdaya ini biasanya dapat ditemui di perairan yang berasosiasi dengan
keberadaan ekosistem <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu karang</a>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pentingnya arti kelestarian hutan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mangrove dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> rumput</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">laut bagi kelangsungan hidup
ekosistem kelautan maka sudah selayaknya dan sewajarnya lah apabila pemerintah
sangat memperhatikan keselamatan Hutan-hutan Bakau dan Rumput Laut yang ada di
Negara Indonesia.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumput laut serta hutan bakau merupakan dua jenis contoh
kekayaan alam yang telah dibuat oleh sang pencipta demi keberlangsungan hidup
manusia. Untuk itu, tugas bagi para generasi penerus adalah selalu berusaha
untuk menjaga serta melindungi semua kekayaan alam yang di miliki oleh bangsa
kita. Memanfaatkan semua kekayaan alam yang ada itu tidak dilarang, akan tetapi
kita juga harus memahami bagimana cara agar apa yang kita miliki tidak habis
begitu saja tanpa memikirkan dampak kedepannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-83629026485613641872012-12-07T16:57:00.003-08:002012-12-07T17:26:22.961-08:00Pembentukan Tanah<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan tanah terbentuk dari
pelapukan batuan dan mineral (kuarsa, feldspar, mika, hornblende, kalsit, dan
gipsum), meskipun ada yang berasal dari tumbuhan (gambut/peat; Histosol)</span>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah material yang tidak padat yang terletak di permukaan bumi, sebagai media
untuk menumbuhkan tanaman (SSSA, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Glossary
of Soil Science Term</i>)</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenny,
H (1941) dalam buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Factors of Soil
Formation</i> : tanah terbentuk dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interaksi
banyak faktor</b>, dan yang terpenting adalah : bahan induk (parent material);
iklim (climate), organisme (organism)’; topografi (Relief); waktu (time).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">s = f (cl, o, r, p, t,
….)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
1 faktor saja yang mempengaruhi sedang yang lain konstan, misal iklim yang
mempengaruhi pembentukan tanah maka fungsi tersebut dapat ditulis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S atau s = f (cl) <sub>o,r,p,t,…..</sub></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Climosequence</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> : pembentukan tanah yang hanya
dipengaruhi oleh faktor iklim, sedang faktor yang lain konstan. Istilah yang
sama untuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Biosequences, toposequences,
lithosequences, </b>dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> chronosequences</b>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah
dapat terbentuk dari pelapukan batuan padat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in situ</i>) atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deposit</b> dari material/partikel yang
terbawa oleh air, angin, glasier (es), atau gravitasi. Apabila material yang
terbawa tersebut masuk ke lahan (land), maka disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">landform</b>. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penamaan landform
berdasar pada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cara transport</b> maupun <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bentuk akhir</b>. Contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alluvial</b> berasal dari aliran air; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">morain</b> berasal dari gerakan es dan
membeku; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dunes</b> berasal dari gerakan
angin thd pasir; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colluvium</b> berasal
dari gravitasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuan
akan terlapukkan secara fisik disebut : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disintegrasi</b>
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disintegration</i>), maupun secara kimia
disebut : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dekomposisi</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">decomposition/decayed</i>) dan diubah
menjadi material yang lebih halus. Secara fisik misalnya pengaruh suhu,
tekanan, akar tanaman. Secara kimia yang sangat berperan adalah keberadaan air,
misal hidrolisis, oksidasi, reduksi, dehidrasi, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju pelapukan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tergantung pada : (1) temperatur;
(2) laju air perkolasi; (3) status oksidasi dari zona pelapukan; (4) luas
permukaan bahan induk yang terekspose; (5) jenis mineral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah substansi inorganik yang homogen
dengan komposisi tertentu, dan mempunyai ciri fisik berupa ukuran, warna, titik
leleh, dan kekerasan. Mineral dapat digolongkan sebagai mineral primer maupun
mineral sekunder. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe
batuan ada 3 yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(1)</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">batuan beku (igneous rock), (2) batuan sedimen
(sedimentary rock), (3) batuan metamorfosis (metamorphic rock)</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuan beku</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berasal dari pemadatan magma yang
membeku. Dibagi menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">batuan asam</b>
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acidic rock</i>) : relatif tinggi
kandungan kuarsa; mineral silikat warna terang Ca atau K/Na dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">batuan basa</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">basic rock</i>) : rendah kandungan kuarsa; kandungan mineral
ferromagnesium warna gelap (hornblende, mika, piroksin) tinggi</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuan sedimen</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> terjadi apabila partikel mineral
atau subtansi terlarut menajdi padat atau tersementasi (cemented) menjadi massa
yang keras. Material yang mensementasi menentukan nama batuan sedimen. Misalnya
: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Calcareous</b> untuk karbonat (lime)
(calcareous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sandstone</i>); <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ferruginous</b> untuk oksida besi; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Siliceous</b> untuk silika (SiO2). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conglomerates</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breksi (Breccias)</b>
terjadi dari berbagai fragment batuan yang tersementasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sandstone</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berasal dari pasir yang tersementasi (umumnya kuarsa dan sedikit
partikel ukuran <0,05 mm). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shales</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan pemadatan dari clay dan debu dengan berbagai jenis sementasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limestone</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan kalsium karbonat atau campuran kalsium dan magnesium karbonat,
clay, debu, dan pasir dengan lebih dari 50% berupa karbonat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dolomite </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: seperti limestones, akan tetapi kandungan magnesium karbonatnya lebih
tinggi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Quartzites </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: pasir silika tersementasi (Silica-cemented sands) dimana
semennya sekeras pasir</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuan metomorfose</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> : sama atau lebih keras dibanding
batuan beku atau sediment. Contoh batuan metamorfosa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gneiss </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: berasal dari batuan beku warna terang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Schist </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: terdiri dari banyak batuan atau mineral teruatama mika, terlihat
berlapis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marble </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: limestone atau dolomite yang menjadi keras karena cukup untuk bersinar
(mudah terdekomposisi)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan Tanah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan tanah dibagi menjadi 2
macam yaitu (1) perubahan massa padat (batuan) menjadi material yang tidak
padat atau halus (2) perubahan material yang halus menjadi tanah seiiring
dengan berjalannya waktu (disebut dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perkembangan
tanah/soil development</b>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan tanah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soil formation</b>) merupakan pembentukan
material yang tidak padat dengan adanya proses pelapukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dan </i>pembentukan profil tanah (termasuk perkembangan horison). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Profil tanah</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah penampang tegak lurus/vertikal tanah yang menunjukkan lapisan-lapisan
tanah atau horison.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Horizon</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
lapisan tanah yang kurang lebih sejajar dengan permukaan bumi dan berbeda
dengan lapisan yang berdekatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pembentukan tanah : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penambahan (additions), kehilangan
(losses), perubahan bentuk (transformation), pemindahan lokasi (translocation)</b>.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Additions</b> : penambahan air (hujan,
irigasi), nitrogen dari bakteri pengikat N, energi dari sinar matahari, dsb.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Losses</b> : dihasilkan dari kemikalia
yang larut dalam air, adanya erosi, pemanenan atau penggembalaan,
denitrifikasi, dll. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Transformation </b>:
terjadi karena banyak reaksi kimia dan biologi pada proses dekomposisi bahan
organik, pembentukan material tidak larut dari material yang larut. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Translocation </b>: terjadi karena adanya
gerakan air maupun organisme didalam tanah misalnya clay beregrak ke lapisan
yang lebih dalam atau gerakan garam terlarut ke permukaan krn evaporasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelapukan batuan secara kimia
(dekomposisi) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lebih dominan</b>
dibanding pelapukan secara fisik di daerah beriklim basah. Untuk daerah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cold arid</i> maka pelapukan fisik lebih
dominan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelapukan fisik (disintegrasi) : </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pembekuan dan pencairan</b> : air yang
membek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mampu memecah batuan atau
mineral. Air yang membeku mempunyai kekuatan tekanan 146 kg/cm2</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friksi</b> antar batuan yang bergerak
yang disebabkan oleh air, angin, es, gravitasim dsb</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Organisme</b> : perkembangan perakaran
mampu memecahkan batuan. Manusia mempercepat pelapukan dengan pengolahan tanah,
pembajakan, penambangan, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelapukan kimia menyebabkan mineral
terlarut dan mengubah sturkturnya sehingga mudah terfragmentasi. Perubahan daya
larut (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">solubility</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disebabkan oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">solution (oleh air), hidrolisis, karbonasi</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oksidasi-reduksi</b>. Perubahan struktur
disebabkan oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hidrasi</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oksidasi-reduksi</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: terlarutnya bahan padat ke cairan menjadi ion yang dapat larut yang
dikellilingi oleh molekul cairan (air). Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NaCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Na<sup>+</sup>,
Cl<sup>-</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Garam mudah larut)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>(ion
terlarut,dikelilingi air)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrolisis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: reaksi suatu substansi dengan air yang membentuk hidroksida dan substansi
baru lain yang lebih mudah terlarut dari substansi asalnya. Hidrolisis
merupakan salah satu reaksi pelapukan yang terpenting yang menyebabkan
perubahan profil tanah. Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading9">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>HOH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>KOH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ortoclase, sangat <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>(clay
silikat)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sgt mudah terlarut)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lambat keterlarutannya)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbonasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> : reaksi senyawa dengan asam karbonat (asam karbonat merupakan asam
lemah yang diproduksi dari gas CO<sub>2</sub> yang terlarut dalam air). Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ca (HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(kalsit,sedikit larut)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mudah larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrolisis dan karbonasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
merupakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proses pelapukan kimia</i> yang
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paling efektif</i> dan juga dalam
pembentukan tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reduksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: proses kimia dimana muatan negatif naik, sedang muatan positif turun. Misal
CaSO<sub>4</sub> (keras) dilarutkan dalam air menjadi CaSO<sub>4</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O
(lebih lunak).</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: kehilangan elektron atau penggabungan senyawa dengan oksigen. Mineral yang
teroksidasi meningkat volumenya karena penambahan oksigen dan umumnya lebih
lunak. Perubahan bilangan oksidasi juga menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan muatan
listrik sehingga lebih mudah “terserang” air dan asam karbonat. Oksidasi dan
reduksi merupakan proses yang selalu bersama. Contoh : </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4FeO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">«</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[ferro oksida, Fe(II)]<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[ferri oksida,Fe (III)]</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Besi dalam mineral
primer dapat bereaksi dengan oksigen yang menyebabkan bertambahnya ukuran
mineral sehingga mineral tsb dapat pecah. Pertambahan ukuran didukung oleh proses
hidrasi, dimana molekul besi oksida dikelilingi oleh oksigen. Total volume
mineral menjadi sangat tinggi akan tetapi ikatannya lemah shg mudah
terlapukkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: kombinasi kemikalia padat, seperti mineral atau garam, dengan air. Hidrasi
menyebabkan perubahan struktur mineral, meningkatkan volumenya, kemudian
menyebabkan mineral lebih lunak dan mudah terdekomposisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hematit<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>limonit</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
pembentuk tanah (Soil Forming Factors)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
pembentuk tanah : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bahan induk, iklim,
organisme, topografi, waktu</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan induk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan tanah melalui : perbedaan laju pelapukan,
nutrisi yang terkandung dalam bahan induk tsb, dan partikel yang terkandung
(misal sandstone = pasir; shales = clay). Hasil pelindihan, translokasi dan
transformasi oleh air maupun organisme menunjukkan bahwa tanah mengalami
perkembangan. Pembentukan clay didukung oleh persentase yang tinggi dari
mineral gelap mudah terdekomposisi dan sedikit kuarsa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iklim </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">merupakan
faktor dominan yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu. Faktor
iklim yanag utama adalah presipitasi dan temperatur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisme : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perbedaan
vegetasi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makro dan mikro organisme yang
ada diatas tanah maupun dalam tanah, manusia dalam managemen lahannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Topografi (relief) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berpengaruh
terhadap pembentukan tanah melalui pengaruhnya terhadap air dan temperatur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">±<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Time</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
: waktu yang diperlukan tanah untuk berkembang </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
pembentukan lapisan-lapisan/horizon (genetik horizon). Horison berkembang
sangat cepat pada daerah yang hangat, humid, berhutan karena cukup air. Pada
kondisi yang ideal, profil tanah dapat terbentuk selama 200 tahun, sedang pada
kondisi yang kurang mendukung dapat terbentuk ribuan tahun.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai
kondisi yang menghambat perkembangan profil tanah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">curah hujan rendah (pelapukan rendah,
material terlarut yang tercuci sedikit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kelembaban relatif rendah (pertumbuhan
mikroorganisme seperti alga, fungi, lichenes rendah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahan induk mengandung sodium karbonat
atau lime yang tinggi (material tanah rendah mobilitasnya)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahan induk mengandung kuarsa yang
tinggi dengan kandungan debu dan clay rendah (pelapukan lambat, gerakan koloid
rendah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kandungan clay tinggi (aerasi jelek,
pergerakan air lambat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahan induk resisten misal quartzite
(pelapukan lambat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kelerengan tinggi (erosi menyebabkan
hilangnya lapisan top soil; pengambilan air tanah rendah) </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tingginya air tanah (pencucian rendah,
laju pelapukan rendah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suhu dingin (semua proses pelapukan dan
aktivitas mikrobia lambat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akumulasi material secara konstan (material
baru menyebabkan perkembangan tanah menjadi baru)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. erosi air dan angin yang berat
(tereksposnya material baru )</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 20.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 20.0pt; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pencampuran oleh binatang dan manusia
(pengolahan tanah, penggalian) akan meminimalisir pergerakan koloid ke bagian
tanah lebih dalam </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 20.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 20.0pt; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adanya subtansi racun bagi tanaman, misal
garam yang berlebihan,heavy metal, herbisida yang berlebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-43875126020898402372012-12-07T16:37:00.001-08:002012-12-07T16:38:58.806-08:00Melihat Lebih Jelas Tentang Bundaran HISangat mengejutkan dan diluar dugaan. Bundaran<a href="http://fashingnet.com/"> hot</a>el
Indonesia atau yang lebih populernya disebut dengan Bundaran HI,
ternyata ditemukan sebuah keganjilan. Dan sudah sepantasnya hal ini
menjadi sebuah tanda tanya besar.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
Semua orang yang ada di Jakarta, sudah pasti tahu dengan monumen kolam
air mancur ini. Presiden Soekarno dulunya di tahun 1960-an,
memerintahkan untuk membangun beberapa proyek konstruksi demi
mempercantik kota Jakarta dalam persiapan Asian Games IV.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img src="http://www.108jakarta.com/pictures/headline.jpg/photos/64/?ax=1" /></a></div>
<br />
Termasuk diantaranya pembangunan Kompleks Olahraga Ikada (Gelora Bung
Karno) dan beberapa patung, termasuk monumen Selamat Datang, yang
dikenal sebagai Tugu Selamat Datang.<br />
<br />
Monumen Selamat Datang ini terletak tepat di tengah Bundaran HI. Disebut demikian, karena bundaran ini berdekatan dengan<a href="http://fashingnet.com/"> hot</a>el Indonesia. Bundaran yang berada di pusat jantung kota Jakarta ini, tepat di tengah-tengah beberapa jalan utama di Jakarta.<br />
<br />
Di zaman VOC, pintu gerbang Menteng ada di seputaran Gondangdia, dekat
Masjid Cut Meutiah sekarang. Namun di zaman Orde Baru, pintu gerbangnya
‘dipindahkan’, bukan lagi di utara akan tetapi di sebelah baratnya,
yaitu Bundaran<a href="http://fashingnet.com/"> hot</a>el Indonesia.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="258" src="http://berkota.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/bundaran-hi-life-magazine_-co-rentmeester_-mei-1966.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Selesai dibangun,<a href="http://fashingnet.com/"> hot</a>el Indonesia
dan Bundaran HI menjadi pintu gerbang bagi para pengunjung Jakarta.
Bundaran itu merupakan sebuah kolam bulat yang dilengkapi dengan air
mancur.<br />
<br />
Namun, pernahkah tersadar akan sebuah keanehan yang ada di Bundaran HI
tersebut? Sepintas kolam ini memang tampak seperti kolam yang ada pada
umumnya, yaitu berbentuk bulat dengan air mancur yang ada di dalamnya.<br />
<br />
Coba perhatikan gambar-gambar berikut ini :<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="262" src="http://kassaszony.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/bundaran-hi1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Apakah kelihatan ada yang aneh pada gambar di atas? Jika belum tampak
keanehan disana, coba gambarnya diambil tampak atas dari google earth
seperti di bawah ini :<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="324" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQSN1Vmd1nXxMAG4P3q8YUs75EDdgfT5_rGtl95ArUYD4XTLlxt5g" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Masih kurang jelas dan terkesan dipaksakan, coba diputar lagi secara horizontal seperti dibawah ini :</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img src="http://penarevolusi.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/bundaran_hi.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sudah cukup jelas? Lantas apa yang terlihat disana?</div>
<br />
Sekali lagi, gambar ini pasti mengingatkan akan sesuatu. Apa itu?<br />
<br />
Mata Horus, simbol Illuminati/Freemason. Siapa lagi di dunia ini yang
memakai simbol-simbol seperti itu selain mereka. Lalu kenapa bisa ada di
Bundaran HI? Baca disini untuk lebih jelasnya.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img src="http://mureo.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Eye-Of-Horus-Mata-Horus-5-image1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirE37zgITdwOGL027fEVtIJl85v7TuB9H0X_DrgowdVb7uftwhBxF_kQi6Eju_3pn2OcwtFfBtqKxXT0dRC3CpUmdExzS6EYGktKkmyMKme9JXDENDMAcF1Dr1BvCEZLm65sHysMMFbG6V/s400/the+eye+of+horus.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Yang jelas hal ini membuktikan, bahwa bukan hanya di Amerika saja para
freemason ini membangun gedung-gedung insfratukstur kota, akan tetapi
freemason pun sudah membangun sesuatu di Indonesia.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="300" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ65ESvWJAriGxkUPB5jOUtbHlDL_7aGChK79QSUUFEns1vKKdQ" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Bukti ini dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan kepada kesimpulan, bahwa mereka
sebenarnya sudah pernah eksist pada zaman dahulu di Indonesia, dan bukan
tidak mungkin sampai sekarang pun mereka masih ada dan berkeliaran di
Indonesia, terbukti dengan keganjilan yang ada pada mata uang 10.000
rupiah, baca disini.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKpW_rGRrpNJv43_57x7nps9cxVBs5x_Wcj6q49UjGlqqu900pwcEXMzbY9gpWqfARmIMK77Jf75eMJ4jb-BSBJxl22TjvGpPVdh-D3-hP-2ASHTo9xVA-gRL9I5LeJKHu4-MhIaMl6gU/s400/bundaran-hi.jpg" width="321" /></a></div>
<br />
Sedikit sebagai tambahan informasi seputar Bundaran HI ini. Pada pasca
zaman pemerintahan Soeharto, Bundaran HI kerapkali dijadikan sebagai
panggung demonstrasi oleh berbagai elemen massa dan berbagai
kepentingan.<br />
<br />
Selain itu, sejumlah bangunan dan situs bersejarah yang ada di Jakarta
menjadi rusak akibat gelombang unjuk rasa yang terjadi secara
besar-besaran di sepanjang Mei 1998. Gubernur DKI Jakarta, Sutiyoso,
kala itu mencanangkan gerakan rehabilitasi Jakarta, agar kembali menjadi
kota yang rapi dan cantik, seperti ibukota negara lainnya.<br />
<br />
Salah satu proyeknya, di tahun 2001, ialah merehabilitasi Bundaran HI,
lengkap dengan air mancur dan patung Tugu Selamat Datangnya, agar
kembali menjadi salah satu icon Jakarta yang cantik selain Monas.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img src="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2010/01/28/100128071333_Demo100dayshi_466x350_nocredit.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Namun anehnya, program rehabilitasi air mancur itu bernuansa
Luciferistik “CAHAYA”, yakni “Membangun Kebanggaan Nasional Melalui
Pencahayaan”. Entah kebetulan atau tidak, kontraktor yang ditunjuk pun
General Electric (GE).<br />
<br />
GE dalam hal ini merupakan perusahaan yang juga bertanggungjawab atas
tata cahaya Patung Liberty di Washington DC dan Chain Bridge di
Hongaria. Di Jawa Tengah pun, GE pula yang menangani tata cahaya yang
terdapat di Candi Prambanan.<br />
<br />
Professor Nick Turse dalam “The Complex” (2009) menulis, “GE adalah
salah satu perusahaan Amerika yang dekat dengan industri perang
Pentagon. Sejak tahun 1957 hingga 1961, GE bahkan termasuk di dalam lima
besar kontraktor militer Pentagon di samping General Dynamics, Boeing,
Lockheed, dan North American Aviation. Sejak 2006, GE telah meluncur
turun ke urutan empat belas terbesar. Walau demikian, nila laba yang
diperoleh GE di tahun itu masih sangat besar, tidak kurang dari $ 2,3
miliar dari Departemen Pertahanan AS, dengan mengerjakan sistem
persenjataan untuk Helikopter tempur Hawk UH-60 dan pesawat multiguna
F/A-18 Hornet. Keduanya digunakan di Irak.”<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.galaxymaya.com/"><img height="266" src="http://www.lensaindonesia.com/uploads/1/2011/12/bundaran-Hi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Tema “CAHAYA” dalam proyek rehab Bundaran HI yang dikerjakan oleh GE itu, dalam bahasa latin disebut dengan nama “Lucifer”.<br />
.<br />
Misteri demi misteri silih berganti bergulir di sekitar kita. Dan tanpa
disadari, semua yang ada di di dalam kehidupan ini menyimpan banyak
misteri. Ada yang terjawab dan tentu banyak sekali yang menyisakan tanda
tanya besar. Bukti bahwa berpikir skeptis sangat diperlukan dengan apa
yang di lihat, dengar, dan rasakan.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-12174106012720112212012-12-07T16:31:00.000-08:002012-12-07T16:32:00.842-08:00Peta dan Pemetaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
Dasar Peta dan Pemetaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Pembelajaran :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menunjuan kompnen-komponen peta.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat peta wilayah pada bidang datar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat laporan data hasil pengukuran.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merumuskan data hasil pengukuran.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat peta hasil pengukuran langsung dilapangan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengidentifikasi manfaat peta dalam menganalisis lokasi
industri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengidentifikasi manfaat peta dalam menganalisis lokasi
pertanian.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat laporan diskusi tentang pemanfaatan peta dalam
menganalisis lokasi industri dan pertanian.<a name='more'></a></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MATERI
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Pengertian Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernahkah Anda melihat peta? Kalau
sudah, apakah sebenarnya peta itu? Peta merupakan alat utama di dalam ilmu
geografi, selain foto udara dan citra satelit. Melalui peta, seorang dapat
mengamati kenampakan permukaan bumi lebih luas dari batas pandang manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Menurut ICA (International
Cartographic Association)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta adalah suatu gambaran atau
representasi unsur-unsur ketampakan abstrak yan dipilih dari permukaan bumi,
yang ada kaitannya dengan permukaan bumi atau benda-benda angkasa. Pada
umumnya, peta digambarkan pada suatu bidang datar dan diperkecil atau
diskalakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalau Anda bertanya kapan peta mulai
ada dan digunakan manusia? Jawabannya adalah peta mulai ada dan digunakan
manusia, sejak manusia melakukan penjelajahan dan penelitian. Walaupun masih
dalam bentuk yang sangat sederhana yaitu dalam bentuk sketsa mengenai lokasi
suatu tempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Pada awal abad ke 2 (87 M – 150
M),</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i>Claudius Ptolomaeus </i></b>mengemukakan
mengenai pentingnya peta. Kumpulan dari peta peta karya Claudius Ptolomaeus
dibukukan dan diberi nama “Atlas Ptolomaeus”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu yang membahas mengenai peta
adalah kartografi. Sedangkan orang ahli membuat peta disebut kartografer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Macam-macam Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Ditinjau dari jenisnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditinjau dari jenisnya, peta
dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu peta foto dan peta garis. <i>Peta foto</i> ialah
peta yang dihasilkan dari muzaik foto udara/ortofoto yang dilengkapi garis
kontur, nama, dan legenda. <i>Peta garis </i>ialah peta yang menyajikan detail
alam dan buatan manusia dalam bentuk titik, garis, dan luasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Ditinjau dari skalanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan skalanya peta
diklasifikasikan menjadi lima yaitu :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta kadaster</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berskala 1 : 100 s/d 1 : 5000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta skala besar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berskala 1 : 5000 s/d 1 : 250.000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta skala sedang</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berskala 1 : 250.000 s/d 1 : 500.000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta skala kecil</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berskala 1 : 500.000 s/d 1 : 1.000.000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta skala geografi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berskala lebih dari 1 : 1.000.000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta umum/PetaIkhtisar</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah peta yang menggambarkan segala Sesutu yang ada
di permukaan bumi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta Khusus/Peta Tematik</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah peta yang menggambarkan kenampakan-kenampakan
tertentu di permukaan bumi.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Ditinjau dari informasinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya : Peta kepadatan penduduk,
Peta geologi, peta penggunaan lahan, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Komponen-komponen/Kelengkapan
Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta yang baik biasanya dilengkapi
dengan komponen-komponen peta, agar peta mudah dibaca, ditafsirkan dan tidak
membingungkan. Adapun komponenkomponen yang harus dipenuhi dalam suatu peta
antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Judul peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Skala peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Legenda atau keterangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Tanda arah atau orientasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Simbol dan warna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Sumber dan tahun pembuatan peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Proyeksi peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk lebih jelasnya mengenai arti
dan manfaat dari komponen-komponen peta tersebut, silahkan Anda pelajari uraian
berikut ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Judul Peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada peta yang pernah Anda lihat, di
bagian manakah biasanya judul peta diletakkan? Judul peta memuat isi peta. Dari
judul peta Anda dapat segera mengetahui data daerah mana yang tergambar dalam
peta tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Peta Penyebaran Penduduk Pulau
Jawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Peta Tata Guna Tanah Propinsi
Bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Peta Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul peta merupakan komponen yang
sangat penting. Biasanya, sebelum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membaca memperhatikan isi peta,
pasti terlebih dahulu judul yang dibacanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul peta hendaknya
memuat/mencerminkan informasi yang sesuai dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">isi peta. Selain itu, judul peta
jangan sampai menimbulkan penafsiran ganda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul peta biasanya diletakkan di
bagian tengah atas peta. Tetapi judul peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat juga diletakkan di bagian lain
dari peta, asalkan tidak mengganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kenampakkan dari keseluruhan peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Skala Peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skala adalah perbandingan jarak
antara dua titik sembarang di peta dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jarak sebenarnya di permukaan bumi,
dengan satuan ukuran yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skala ini sangat erat kaitannya
dengan data yang disajikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ingin menyajikan data yang
rinci, maka digunakan skala besar, misalnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 : 5000. Sebaliknya, apabila ingin
ditunjukkan hubungan kenampakan secara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keseluruhan, digunakan skala kecil,
misalnya skala 1 : 1000.000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">skala 1 : 500.000 artinya 1 bagian
di peta sama dengan 500.000 jarak yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sebenarnya, apabila dipakai satuan
cm maka artinya 1 cm jarak di peta sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan 500.000 cm (5 km) jarak
sebenarnya di permukaan bumi. Skala peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akan dibahas lebih rinci pada modul
berikutnya nanti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Legenda atau keterangan</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Legenda pada peta menerangkan arti
dari simbol-simbol yang terdapat pada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">peta. Legenda itu harus dipahami
oleh si pembaca peta, agar tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembuatan peta itu mencapai sasaran.
Legenda biasanya diletakkan di pojok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kiri bawah peta. Selain itu legenda
peta dapat juga diletakkan pada bagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lain peta, sepanjang tidak
mengganggu kenampakan peta secara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat gambar 1.1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+ + + + + + + : batas negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+ • + • + • + • : batas provinsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">– • – • – • – • : batas
kabupaten</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: jalan kereta api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: jalan raya/sungai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: gunung/gunung api</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Ibu kota propinsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Ibu kota kabupaten</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Kota lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: danau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: rawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: bandar udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: pelabuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1.1. </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh legenda/ keterangan pada peta.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Tanda Arah atau Tanda Orientasi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda arah atau tanda orientasi
penting artinya pada suatu peta. Gunanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk menunjukkan arah utara,
Selatan, Timur dan Barat. Tanda orientasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perlu dicantumkan pada peta untuk
menghindari kekeliruan. Tanda arah pada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">peta biasanya berbentuk tanda panah
yang menunjuk ke arah Utara. Petunjuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ini diletakkan di bagian mana saja
dari peta, asalkan tidak mengganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kenampakan peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat gambar 1.2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1.2. </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh beberapa tanda orientasi atau petunjuk arah pada peta
yang lazim digunakan.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Simbol dan Warna</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar pembuatan peta dapat dilakukan
dengan baik, ada dua hal yang perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mendapat perhatian, yaitu <i>simbol </i>dan
<i>warna.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian berikut ini akan menjelaskan
satu demi satu mengenai pengertian simbol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan warna tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Simbol Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada peta, Anda juga akan melihat
simbol-simbol, gunanya agar informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang disampaikan tidak
membingungkan. Simbol-simbol dalam peta harus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memenuhi syarat, sehingga dapat
menginformasikan hal-hal yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digambarkan dengan tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat-syarat tersebut adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- sederhana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- mudah dimengerti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- bersifat umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Macam-macam simbol peta:</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Macam-macam simbol peta berdasarkan bentuknya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk-bentuk simbol yang digunakan
pada peta berbeda-beda tergantung dari jenis petanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a) Simbol titik</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menyajikan tempat atau data posisional,
seperti simbol kota, pertambangan, titik trianggulasi (titik ketinggian) tempat
dari permukaan laut dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) Simbol garis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menyajikan data geografis misalnya sungai,
batas wilayah, jalan, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c) Simbol luasan (Area)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menunjukkan kenampakan area misalnya rawa,
hutan, padang pasir dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d) Simbol aliran</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menyatakan alur dan gerak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e) Simbol batang, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menyatakan harga/dibandingkan harga
lainnya/nilai lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f) Simbol lingkaran</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menyatakan kuantitas (jumlah)dalam bentuk
persentase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g) Simbol bola</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk menyatakan isi (volume), makin besarsimbol
bola menunjukkan isi (volume) makin besar dan sebaliknyamakin kecil bola
berarti isi (volume) makin kecil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Macam-macam simbol peta berdasarkan sifatnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simbol-simbol yang Anda lihat pada
peta, ada yang menyatakan jumlah dan ada yang hanya membedakan. Berdasarkan
sifatnya, simbol peta dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a) Simbol yang bersifat kualitatif</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simbol ini digunakan untuk
membedakan persebaran benda yang digambarkan. Misalnya untuk menggambarkan
daerah penyebaran hutan, jenis tanah, penduduk dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) Simbol yang bersifat kuantitatif</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simbol ini digunakan untuk
membedakan atau menyatakan jumlah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Macam macam simbol berdasarkan fungsinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan simbol pada peta
tergantung fungsinya. Untuk menggambarkan bentuk-bentuk muka bumi di daratan,
di perairan, atau bentuk-bentuk budaya manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan fungsinya simbol peta
dapat dibedakan menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a) Simbol daratan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk simbol-simbol permukaan bumi di daratan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: gunung, pegunungan, gunung api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) Simbol perairan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, digunakan untuk simbol-simbol bentuk perairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c) Simbol budaya, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk simbol simbol, bentuk hasil budaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Warna</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatikan peta yang ada di sekolah
Anda, warna apa saja yang ada pada peta tersebut? Peta yang berwarna akan lebih
indah dilihat dan kenampakan yang ingin disajikan juga kelihatan lebih jelas.
Tidak ada peraturan yang baku mengenai penggunaan warna dalam peta. Jadi
penggunaan warna adalah bebas, sesuai dengan maksud atau tujuan si pembuat
peta, dan kebiasaan umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Untuk laut, danau digunakan warna biru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Untuk temperatur (suhu) digunakan warna merah atau coklat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Untuk curah hujan digunakan warna biru atau hijau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
Daerah pegunungan tinggi/dataran tinggi (2000 – 3000 meter) digunakan warna
coklat tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
Untuk dataran rendah (pantai) ketinggian 0 sampai 200 meter daripermukaan laut
digunakan warna hijau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari sifatnya, warna pada
peta dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu: Yang bersifat kualitatif dan
yang bersifat kuantitatif. Yang bersifat kualitatif hanya membedakan unsurnya
saja. Sedangkan yang bersifat kuantitatif terutama dimaksudkan untuk
menunjukkan jumlah atau nilai gradasinya, meskipun juga untuk membedakan
unsurnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Sumber dan Tahun Pembuatan Peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila Anda membaca peta, perhatikan
sumbernya. Sumber memberi kepastian kepada pembaca peta, bahwa data dan
informasi yang disajikan dalam peta tersebut benar benar absah
(dipercaya/akurat), dan bukan data fiktif atau hasil rekaan. Hal ini akan
menentukan sejauh mana si pembaca peta dapat mempercayai data/informasi
tersebut. Selain sumber, perhatikan juga tahun pembuatannya. Pembaca peta dapat
mengetahui bahwa peta itu masih cocok atau tidak untuk digunakan pada masa
sekarang atau sudah kadaluarsa karena sudah terlalu lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Inset peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inset peta menunjukan lokasi daerah
yang dipetakan terhadap daerah di sekitarnya yang lebih luas. Kegunaan inset
adalah untuk menjelaskan salah satu bagian dari peta dan untuk menjukan lokasi
yang penting tetapi kurang jelas dalam peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Proyeksi peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proyeksi peta adalah cara pemindahan
system parallel/garis lintang dan meridian/garis bujur dan globe/bidang
lengkung kebidang datar/peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Garis tepi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garis tepi biasanya dibuat rangkap,
yang berfungsi membatasi peta dengan komponen-komponennya di dalam bingkai
(garis tepi peta) serta membantu daerah yang dipetakan tepat pada posisi di
tengah-tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Lettering</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lettering adalah semua tulisan atau
huruf-huruf yang tertera di dalam peta, yang berfungsi untuk mempertegas arti
dari symbol-simbol yang ada pada peta, yang biasanya ditulis dengan tipe huruf
tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. Cara Membuat dan Membaca Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Membuat Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pembuatan peta, ada beberapa
prinsip pokok yang harus diperhatikan. Yang dimaksud pembuatan peta dalam modul
ini bukan dalam pengertian pemetaan wilayah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah prinsip pokok dalam
pembuatan peta adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menentukan daerah yang akan Anda petakan,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat peta dasar (base map) yaitu peta yang belum
diberi simbol,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mencari dan mengklarifikasikan (menggolongkan) data
sesuai dengan kebutuhan,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat simbol-simbol yang mewakili data,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menempatkan simbol pada peta dasar,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat legenda (keterangan), dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melengkapi peta dengan tulisan (lettering) secara baik
dan benar.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Tata Cara Penulisan pada Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk membuat tulisan (lettering)
pada peta ada kesepakatan di antara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para ahli (kartografer) yaitu
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama geografis ditulis dengan bahasa dan istilah yang
digunakan penduduk setempat.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1.8.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh penulisan sungai.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: Sungai ditulis Ci (Jawa
Barat), Kreung (Aceh), Air (Sumatera Utara). Nama sungai ditulis searah dengan
aliran sungai dan menggunakan huruf miring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Nama jalan di tulis harus
searah dengan aras jalan tersebut, dan ditulis dengan huruf cetak kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1.19.
Gambar 1.20.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh penulisan jalan. Contoh
penulisan nama kota.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Nama kota ditulis dengan 4
cara yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di bawah simbol kota</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di atas simbol kota</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di sebelah kanan simbol kota</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di sebelah kiri simbol kota</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Memperbesar dan memperkecil
Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah Anda memahami
langkah-langkah dalam membuat peta, macammacam simbol peta dan penggunaannya,
sekarang kita pelajari bagaimana cara memperbesar dan memperkecil peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Memperbesar Peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memperbesar peta yang bisa
Anda lakukan yaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Memperbesar grid (sistem
kotak-kotak)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah yang harus Anda
lakukan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)
Buat grid pada peta yang akan diperbesar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)
Buat grid yang lebih besar pada kertas yang akan digunakan untuk menggambar
peta baru, pembesarannya sesuai dengan rencana pembesaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)
Memindahkan garis peta sesuai dengan peta dasar ke peta baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)
Mengubah skala, sesuai dengan rencana pembesaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta berskala 1 : 100.000 akan
diperbesar 2 kali, maka skala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menjadi 1 : 50.000. (Lihat gambar
1.21)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1.21. </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara memperbesar peta dengan memperbesar grid.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Fotocopy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara lain memperbesar peta adalah
dengan cara <b>fotocopy </b>peta tersebut. Bila Anda ingin memperbesar peta
gunakanlah mesin fotocopy yang dapat memperbesar peta. Dengan fotocopy, untuk
peta yang menggunakan skala garis atau skala tongkat tidak ada masalah, karena
panjang garis atau tongkat mengikuti perubahan. Peta dengan skala angka harus
diubah dulu skalanya menjadi skala garis sebelum di fotocopy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengubah skala angka ke skala garis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skala 1 : 100.000 menjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya, jarak 10 cm di peta
mewakili jarak 5 km di lapangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Menggunakan alat pantograf</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain dengan memperbesar grid dan
memfotocopy untuk memperbesar peta Anda dapat menggunakan alat <b>pantograf</b>.
Pantograf adalah alat untuk memperbesar dan memperkecil peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Memperkecil Peta</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila Anda ingin memperkecil peta,
caranya sama dengan memperbesar peta yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
memperkecil peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
memfotocopy peta dengan mesin fotocopy yang dapat memperkecil peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
menggunakan pantograf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di bawah ini disajikan gambar sketsa
dari pantograph</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sketsa alat pantograf. Pantograf
dapat dipakai untuk memperbesar atau memperkecil skala peta. Dengan menggunakan
alat ini kita dapat mengubah ukuran peta sesuai dengan ukuran yang diinginkan.
Pada dasarnya, kerja pantograh berdasarkan jajaran genjang. Tiga dari empat
sisi jajaranb genjang (a, b dan c) mempunyai skala faktor yang sama. Skala pada
ketiga sisi tersebut dapat diubah-ubah sesuai dengan kebutuhan, yaitu
memperbesar atau memperkecil peta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus yang digunakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu peta akan diperbesar 5 kali lipat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diketahui :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m = 1 (besar peta yang asli)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M = 5 (besar peta yang akan dibuat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka skala faktor =</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah didapat besarnya skala
faktor, lalu pantograf diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga masing-masing lengan
pantograf mempunyai skala factor sama dengan 100.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Caranya:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta yang akan diperbesar letakkan
ditempat B dan kertas gambar kosong letakkan di tempat gambar A yang sudah
dilengkapi pensil. Kemudian (dijiplak) gerakkan B mengikuti peta asal, melalui
kaca pengamat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Membaca Peta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam membaca peta, Anda harus
memahami dengan baik semua simbol atau informasi yang ada pada peta. Kalau Anda
dapat membaca peta dengan baik dan benar, maka Anda akan memiliki gambaran
mengenai keadaan wilayah yang ada dalam peta, walaupun belum pernah melihat
atau mengenal medan (muka bumi) yang bersangkutan secara langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa hal perlu ketahui dalam
membaca peta antara lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isi peta dan tempat yang digambarkan, melalui judul.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lokasi daerah, melalui letak garis lintang dan garis
bujur.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arah, melalui petunjuk arah (orientasi).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak atau luas suatu tempat di lapangan, melalui skala
peta.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketinggian tempat, melalui titik trianggulasi
(ketinggian) atau melalui garis kontur.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemiringan lereng, melalui garis kontur dan jarak
antara garis kontur yang berdekatan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber daya alam, melalui keterangan (legenda).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenampakkan alam, misalnya relief, pegunungan/gunung,
lembah/sungai, jaringan lalu lintas, persebaran kota. Kenampakan alam ini
dapat diketahui melalui simbol-simbol peta dan keterangan peta.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya kita dapat menafsirkan
peta yang kita baca, antara lain sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta yang banyak gunung/pegunungan dan lembah/sungai,
menunjukkan bahwa daerah itu berelief kasar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alur-alur yang lurus, menunjukkan bahwa daerah itu
tinggi dan miring, jika alur sungai berbelok-belok (berbentuk meander),
menunjukkan daerah itu relatif datar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola (bentuk) pemukiman penduduk yang memusat dan
melingkar, menunjukkan daerah itu kering (sulit air) tetapi di
tempat-tempat tertentu terdapat sumber-sumber air.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan membaca peta Anda akan dapat
mengetahui:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak lurus antar kota.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan alam suatu wilayah, misalnya suatu daerah sulit
dilalui kendaraan karena daerahnya berawa-rawa.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan topografi (relief) suatu wilayah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan penduduk suatu wilayah, misalnya kepadatan dan
persebarannya.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan sosial budaya penduduk,
misalnya mata pencaharian, persebaran sarana kota dan persebaran permukiman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-83353372526053501762012-12-07T16:14:00.000-08:002012-12-07T16:14:36.483-08:0010 Fakya penting IndonesiaINDONESIA
memang kaya dengan keaneka ragaman berbagai budaya dan adat istiadat,
selain itu Indonesia terkenal juga dengan keindahan alamnya, berikut
ini beberapa tempat yang banyak membuat orang takjub dan terpesona akan
keberadaannya.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a name='more'></a><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>1. </b><b>CANDI BOROBUDUR</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SHxbEGHwdcw/TzEzOCAai1I/AAAAAAAAFE0/AXBXdkPnaSQ/s1600/Gambar-Candi-Borobudur.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SHxbEGHwdcw/TzEzOCAai1I/AAAAAAAAFE0/AXBXdkPnaSQ/s400/Gambar-Candi-Borobudur.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Candi
Borobudur merupakan salah satu candi Budha terbesar di dunia. Candi
ini dibangun ketika Samaratungga - raja dari dinasti Syailendra
memerintah di Jawa Tengah. Candi ini dianggap merupakan salah satu
tujuh keajaiban dunia.<br />
Candi Borobudur terletak di desa Borobudur, Magelang, Jawa Tengah. Candi
Borobudur sangat besar dan terdiri dari blok batu-batu besar dengan
arsitektur yang sangat megah. Karena itu candi Borobudur saya tempatkan
pada barisan pertama karena tingkat kesulitan pembuatannya.<br />
<a href="http://www.fashingnet.com/2012/02/10-tempat-menakjubkan-di-indonesia.html" name="more"></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5691184415907507282&postID=8946544440549464681" name="more"></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>2. PULAU KOMODO</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gO4T8R7Oc0I/TzE115qwGxI/AAAAAAAAFE8/e0efvFrXtBc/s1600/komodo1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gO4T8R7Oc0I/TzE115qwGxI/AAAAAAAAFE8/e0efvFrXtBc/s320/komodo1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Pulau
Komodo terletak di sebuah selat antara Pulau Flores di Nusa Tenggara
Timur (NTT) dan Sumbawa di Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Di Pulau Komodo
terdapat kadal terbesar di dunia, yaitu biawak Komodo (Varanus
komodoensis).<br />
Komodo dipercaya sebagai sisa binatang purba Dinosaurus yang masih
hidup. panjang komodo dapat mencapai 3 meter dengan berat bisa mencapai
140 kg. Pada peariran di pulau Komodo juga terdapat perairan yang
termasuk keajaiban dunia bawah air.<br />
Dasar laut perairan Komodo adalah yang terbaik di dunia, di permukaan
laut menyembulnya daratan-daratan kering yang berbukit karang. Sangat
pantas pulau Komodo dimasukan dalam daftar keajaiban di Indonesia. <br />
<br />
<b>3. DANAU TIGA WARNA KELIMUTU</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD9yKofcKm7d5j7fvmak3ebTC_-qr3jKS1TyBCVRyYscXHE2woleSrCj85n9jHvs6ksVmlhBat6DCxuuAZyvbd2ROe_mSqwNLlquo5U1TkWeGLOkRO0cVWIyY8wyUtAdL1FuliMqNZM2Y/s1600/inspirationsid-308025834-1283933475.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD9yKofcKm7d5j7fvmak3ebTC_-qr3jKS1TyBCVRyYscXHE2woleSrCj85n9jHvs6ksVmlhBat6DCxuuAZyvbd2ROe_mSqwNLlquo5U1TkWeGLOkRO0cVWIyY8wyUtAdL1FuliMqNZM2Y/s320/inspirationsid-308025834-1283933475.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Danau
ini oleh dunia disebut sebagai salah satu dari sembilan keajaiban
dunia. Danau tiga warna terletak di Gunung Kelimutu, Flores,NTT. Di sana
ada tiga danau yang berdekatan namun dengan warna-warna yang berbeda.<br />
Danau kawah tersebut adalah Tiwu Ata Polo (danau merah), Tiwu Nua Muri
Kooh Fai (danau hijau) dan Tiwu Ata Mbupu (danau biru). Danau Kelimutu
merupakan satu-satunya danau di dunia yang airnya dapat berubah setiap
saat, dari merah menjadi hijau tua dan kemudian merah hati, hijau tua
menjadi hijau muda, coklat kehitaman menjadi biru langit. Fenomena alam
ini merupakan keajaiban.<br />
<br />
<b>4. PUNCAK JAYAWIJAYA dan CARSTENZ</b><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XV4JoIYf6Ls/TzE70JFhtbI/AAAAAAAAFFU/HR0n5ql1CIw/s1600/a3b1a337523440e8a1e9952ccea5f086.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XV4JoIYf6Ls/TzE70JFhtbI/AAAAAAAAFFU/HR0n5ql1CIw/s400/a3b1a337523440e8a1e9952ccea5f086.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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Puncak
yang juga terdaftar sebagai salah satu dari tujuh puncak benua (Seven
Summit) yang sangat fenomenal dan menjadi incaran pendaki gunung di
berbagai belahan dunia. Puncak Jayawijaya terletak di Taman Nasional
Laurentz, Papua. Puncak ini diselimuti oleh salju abadi. Salju abadi di
Puncak Jayawijaya merupakan satu dari tiga padang salju di daerah
tropis yang terdapat di dunia.<br />
Di negeri kita yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa ini, menyaksikan adanya
salju di Indonesia tentunya sesuatu yang mustahil untuk bisa dimengerti.
Carstenz Pyramid (4884 mdpl) adalah salah satu puncak yang bersalju
tersebut.<br />
Puncak tertinggi di Asia Tenggara dan Pasifik ini terletak di rangkaian
Pegunungan Sudirman. Puncak ini terkenal tidak hanya karena tingginya,
tetapi juga karena terdapat lapisan salju di puncaknya. <br />
<br />
<b>5. </b><b>CANDI PRAMBANAN</b><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Jm-ViwRyA0/TzE-yb4pThI/AAAAAAAAFFc/RB0b2hvN0EA/s1600/candi-prambanan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Jm-ViwRyA0/TzE-yb4pThI/AAAAAAAAFFc/RB0b2hvN0EA/s400/candi-prambanan.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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Candi
Prambanan adalah candi Hindu terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Candi
Prambanan terletak di perbatasan Jawa Tengah dan Yogyakarta. Candi ini
dibangun pada sekitar tahun 850 Masehi.<br />
Arsitektur bangunan ini sangat megah dan terdapat candi-candi baik besar
maupun kecil pada Komplek Candi Prambanan ini. Juga ada legenda bahwa
candi-candi tersebut hanya dibuat dalam satu malam saja oleh kesaktian
Bandung bondowoso sebagai syarat mempersunting Loro Jonggrang.<br />
Tapi bukan karena legenda itu Prambanan dimasukkan dalam daftar ini tapi karena kehebatan arsitekturnya yang memukau dunia.<br />
<br />
<b>6. PULAU BALI</b><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K5le3oWZkHw/TzFC43moYFI/AAAAAAAAFFk/_-5Lr0zHg6M/s1600/DSC_0067.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K5le3oWZkHw/TzFC43moYFI/AAAAAAAAFFk/_-5Lr0zHg6M/s400/DSC_0067.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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Pulau
ini termasuk salah satu pulau terindah di Dunia. Pulau Bali merupakan
pulau wisata terbaik di dunia. Obyek-obyek wisata di pulau Bali seperti
Kintamani, Pantai Kuta, Danau Batur, Goa Gajah, Tampak Siring,
Bedugul, Tanah Lot dan sebagainya. Pulau ini dimasukkan dalam daftar
ini karena banyak tempat yang sangat menakjubkan dengan arsitektur
bangunan dan keindahan alam di pulau ini yang juga sudah diakui dunia.<br />
<br />
<b>7. </b><b>GUNUNG BROMO</b><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qimSkoV_vFw/TzFER0PbMtI/AAAAAAAAFFs/uZJbeEvY9ek/s1600/7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qimSkoV_vFw/TzFER0PbMtI/AAAAAAAAFFs/uZJbeEvY9ek/s400/7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><br />
</b></div>
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Gunung
Bromo merupakan salah satu gunung dari lima gunung yang terdapat di
komplek Pegunungan Tengger di laut pasir. Daya tarik gunung ini adalah
merupakan gunung yang masih aktif.<br />
Obyek wisata Gunung Bromo ini merupakan fenomena alam dengan Kekhasan
gejala alam yang tidak ditemukan di tempat lain adalah adanya kawah di
tengah kawah (creater in the creater) dengan hamparan laut pasir yang
mengelilinginya. <br />
<br />
<b>8. TORAJA</b><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tjhc3jKjXm0/TzFEzlMfnwI/AAAAAAAAFF0/fVvC9zErPz8/s1600/toraja.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tjhc3jKjXm0/TzFEzlMfnwI/AAAAAAAAFF0/fVvC9zErPz8/s400/toraja.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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Toraja
terletak Sulawesi Selatan. Tanah Toraja sangatlah unik, terutama dalam
hal penguburan mayat. Mayat-mayat tidak dikubur, tetapi diletakkan di
dalam gua-gua di bukit batu.<br />
Mayat-mayat ini ditemani oleh patung-patung yang menggambarkan orang
yang meninggal tersebut. Di sini terdapat kuburan di bukit batu. Salah
satu bentuk kuburan adalah kuburan batu yang dibuat di bagian atas
tebing di ketinggian bukit batu.<br />
Menurut kepercayaan animisme Aluk To Dolo di kalangan orang Tana Toraja,
makin tinggi tempat ditaruhnya mayat tersebut makin cepat rohnya
bertemu dengan Tuhan atau surga.<br />
<br />
<b>9. </b><b>GUNUNG KRAKATAU</b><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gcGY5260w68/TzFFpo2_jRI/AAAAAAAAFF8/soP2N2C_1I4/s1600/13158037701917068992.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gcGY5260w68/TzFFpo2_jRI/AAAAAAAAFF8/soP2N2C_1I4/s400/13158037701917068992.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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Gunung
Krakatau yang letusannya pernah mengguncangkan bumi. Gunung berapi ini
pernah meletus pada tanggal 26 Agustus 1883. Letusannya sangat dahsyat
dan juga menimbulkan tsunami yang menewaskan sekitar 36.000 jiwa.<br />
Suara letusan gunung Krakatau sampai terdengar di Alice Springs,
Australia dan pulau Rodrigues dekat Afrika. Gunung Krakatau berada di
Selat Sunda antara pulau Jawa dan Sumatra.<br />
Bahkan debunya dikatakan sampai ke luar angkasa. Walaupun Krakatau sudah
tidak berbahaya seperti dulu lagi (mudah-mudahan) tapi sejarahnya
merupakan salah satu keajaiban alam tersendiri.<br />
<br />
<b>10. DANAU TOBA</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wGHMvnfr8Cg/TzFGvsG-Y5I/AAAAAAAAFGM/unvpqDTG1Hs/s1600/toba-lake.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wGHMvnfr8Cg/TzFGvsG-Y5I/AAAAAAAAFGM/unvpqDTG1Hs/s400/toba-lake.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Mungkin
banyak yang tidak tahu bahwa Danau Toba dulunya adalah sebuah gunung
berapi. Danau ini berada di bekas kawah supervolcano terbesar di dunia.
Gunung Toba diperkirakan meletus pada 73 ribu tahun lalu. Letusan ini
tercatat sebagai letusan Gunung api terbesar yang mempengaruhi iklim di
seluruh dunia</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-48140282713818616302012-12-07T08:23:00.002-08:002012-12-07T08:23:23.271-08:00Gelombang laut, Tsunami<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://one2land.wordpress.com/2010/01/22/gelombang-laut-tsunami-dan-gerakan-tektonik-lempeng/" title="Permanent Link: Gelombang laut, Tsunami, dan Gerakan Tektonik Lempeng"><span style="color: windowtext;"><br /></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sejumlah
berita paska gempabumi yang disertai gelombang tsunami melanda pantai Nangroe
Aceh Darussalam dan Sumatera Utara terjadi pada hari Minggu jam 09.oo tanggal
26 Desember 2004. Berita demi berita digelar ………lewat media elektronika,
majalah dan surat kabar. Berita-berita tersebut telah memberikan kepada kita
berbagai informasi tentang serangkaian realita dari sebuah bencana alam yang
sangat dahsyat, mengenaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di balik berita tersebut, tulisan ini berusaha mengungkap
latar belakang teoritis tentang mengapa dan bagaimana peristiwa gempabumi dan
tsunami itu dapat terjadi; adalah suatu penjelasan dari sisi ilmu oseanografi
dan geologi-geomorfologi; suatu kajian teori yang diharapkan bermanfaat bagi
mahasiswa dan calon-calon guru geografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gempa bumi tektonik adalah sentakan getaran pada kerak bumi
yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba yang disebabkan oleh pergeseran antar blok-blok
batuan. Titik atau tempat terjadinya pergeseran itu, jika terdapat di dalam
bumi (litosfer) disebut hiposentrum dan titik di permukaan bumi yang mula-mula
menerima kiriman getaran dari hiposentrum tersebut disebut episentrum. Dari
titik pusat gempa di permukaan bumi yang disebut episentrum ini, gelombang
getaran itu kemudian menyebar lingkar ke segala arah bagaikan gelombang yang
ditimbulkan oleh jatuhnya sebuah batu di permukaan air kolam yang tenang.
Berbeda dengan peristiwa gunungapi meletus, terjadinya gempa tektonik sukar
untuk dapat diramalkan kapan saatnya akan terjadi lagi, tetapi di mana saja
pernah mengalami gempabumi tektonik, maka di tempat itu akan terjadi lagi
gempabumi tektonik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hiposentrum dan episentrum gempabumi tektonik yang terjadi
pada tanggal 26 Desember 2004 di Aceh tersebut terdapat pada pertemuan dua
lempeng bumi yang bertabrakan (bertumbukan dan/atau bergeseran), yaitu lempeng
tektonik Hindia-Australia yang sedang bergeser ke Utara-Timur dengan lempeng
Asia yang (dianggap) bergerak ke arah Selatan-Tenggara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang tsunami bukan merupakan bagian dari setiap
gempabumi tektonik. Peristiwa terbentuknya tsunami adalah salah satu efek dari
kodrat air yang senantiasa mempertahankan keseimbangannya. Tsunami merupakan
efek massa air laut yang bereaksi ketika terjadi suatu gerak patahan depresi
tektonik atau pembentukan graben-horst secara tiba-tiba pada kerak bumi di permukaan
dasar laut atau pun gerak runtuhan massa batuan (massmovement/ masswasting).
Selain itu tsunami juga dapat terjadi karena letusan gunungapi di dasar laut.
Dari titik pusat salah satu jenis peristiwa tersebut gelombang tsunami kemudian
meyebar lingkar ke segala arah bagaikan gelombang yang ditimbulkan oleh
jatuhnya sebuah batu di permukaan air kolam yang tenang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memahami secara utuh peristiwa gempabumi dan gelombang
tsunami sumber bencana alam NAD dan Sumatera Utara, berikut ini secara
berturut-turut diuraikan tentang gelombang laut, gelombang tsunami dan teori
tektonika lempengan. Hal ini dikemukakan agak panjang dan lebih khusus di sini
karena sebagai bagian dari materi kuliah Oseanografi, Geologi dan Geomorfologi
Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.
GELOMBANG LAUT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang di permukaan laut disebabkan oleh angin. Menurut
Helmholtz, “Jika dua massa benda yang berlainan kepadatannya bergeseran, maka
pada bidang pergeseran itu terjadi gelombang”. Contoh gejala bentuk permukaan
bergelombang akibat pergeseran itu terjadi pada pergeseran air dengan pasir
(misalnya di dasar laut dangkal pada zona lithoral), angin dengan pasir
(misalnya di daerah gurun dikenal dengan nama sand-dunes atau gumuk-gumuk
pasir), dan angin dengan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap gelombang mempunyai tiga bagian yang penting, yaitu
tinggi gelombang, panjang gelombang dan periode gelombang. Tinggi gelombang
adalah jarak vertikal antara titik terendah lembah gelombang (trough) dengan
titik tertinggi puncak/punggung gelombang (cresh). Panjang gelombang adalah
jarak mendatar antara dua puncak gelombang yang berurutan, sedangkan periode
gelombang adalah waktu yang diperlukan oleh dua puncak gelombang yang berurutan
untuk melalui suatu titik yang sama (Gambar 1).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenampakan gelombang yang seakan berkejaran adalah gejala
optik (tipuan pandangan), layaknya seperti nyala lampu-lampu reklame yang
tampak seakan bergerak keliling seputar papan reklame, di mana sesungguhnya
lampu- </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lampu
itu tetap di tempat. Kenampakan gelombang laut sesungguhnya mirip dengan
gelombang padi sawah yang tampak berkejaran tetapi batang-batang padi tetap di
tempatnya. Gelombang laut berjalan tidak seperti arus laut di mana massa air
itu berpindah tempat. Adapun perpindahan massa air karena gelombang terjadi
dalam bilangan beberapa milimeter atau sentimeter per detik searah dengan arah
angin yang membangun gelombang. Sepotong kayu terapung di muka laut tidak
bergerak secepat gerakan gelombang seperti yang terlihat, tidak sama dengan
kecepatan gerak sepotong kayu yang terbawa arus. Perpindahan gelombang seperti
yang terlihat itu adalah perpindahan bentuk gelombang dan energi yang
dipindahkan secara horizontal (Gambar 2 dan 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya, ukuran besar-kecilnya gelombang ditentukan
berdasarkan tinggi gelombang. Tinggi gelombang bisa hanya beberapa milimeter
saja, tetapi juga bisa sampai puluhan meter. Gelombang permukaan laut terbesar
di dunia yang pernah diukur ialah 34 meter tingginya; terdapat di Samudera
Pasifik yang diukur oleh kapal Angkatan Laut Amerika “Ramapo”, 3 Februari 1933.
(Nonci, 1987: 86). Gelombang yang mencapai tinggi 30 m biasanya mempunyai
panjang dari puncak ke puncak 600 m. Hal itu hanya terjadi pada samudera di
daerah lintang tinggi saat-saat angin taufan besar, pada zona angin siklon. Di
zona duldrums (daerah tenang khatulistiwa) seperti misalnya Indonesia, hal itu
tidak mungkin terjadi. Di Laut Banda, misalnya, rata-rata gelombang tertinggi,
yaitu 2 m, terjadi pada bulan Juli di pertengahan muson tenggara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada empat faktor yang menentukan besarnya gelombang di
lautan terbuka yang disebabkan oleh angin; yakni kuatnya hembusan, lamanya
hembusan dan jarak tempuh angin (fetch) menurut luas-tidaknya kawasan laut yang
dilaluinya, serta kecepatan dan arah arus dari laut itu sendiri terhadap arah
angin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua gelombang bertingkah laku serupa. Sekali terbentuk,
gelombang bergerak keluar dan menjauhi pusat asal gelombang. Gerak gelombang
tetap masih berjalan, meskipun angin berhenti. Gejala gelombang di waktu angin
teduh disebut “deining” atau “alun”. Gelombang yang disebut alun ini bergerak
tenang di kawasan laut dalam, puncak-puncak alun tidak memecah, tetapi ketika
memasuki dasar laut dangkal di mana kedalaman kurang dari seperdua panjang
gelombang, maka alun pun menjadi sangat terjal lalu memecah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.
GELOMBANG TSUNAMI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tsunami adalah istilah yang berasal dari bahasa Jepang yang
berarti “gelombang pelabuhan”. Menurut Drs. A. Hamid Latunreng dalam sebuah
ceramah kuliahnya menyatakan bahwa Tsu Nami adalah nama seorang ahli geologi
Jepang yang mula-mula mengemukakan teori kejadian gelombang besar ini. Di peta
Jepang ada sebuah teluk yang bernama Teluk Tsunami. Adakah hubungan nama teluk
ini dengan peristiwa tsunami yang bila memasuki perairan teluk gelombangnya
menjadi lebih besar? Sejauh ini penulis belum pernah menemukan sumber yang
akurat mengapa gelombang besar yang sering menyusul suatu gempa ini bernama
tsunami. Namun, Jepang memang merupakan salah satu negara kepulauan yang
mencatat gempa terbanyak di dunia sesudah Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang tsunami adalah gelombang yang amat besar yang
terjadi (biasanya) segera setelah terjadi gempabumi; khususnya bila
episentrumnya terdapat di dasar laut. Namun tidak semua peristiwa gempa yang
episentrum-nya di dasar laut disertai dengan terjadinya gelombang tsunami.
Berikut dimuat kutipan dari tulisan Dr. Anugerah Nontji (1987: Laut Nusantara,
hlm. 99 – 104):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang tsunami merambat (secara radial, dari suatu titik)
ke segala arah, dengan kecepatan yang tergantung pada kedalaman laut. Makin
dalam laut makin tinggi kecepatan rambatnya. Pada kedalaman 5.000 m (kedalaman
rata-rata di Samudera Pasifik) kecepatan rambat tsunami sangat dahsyat mencapai
230 m/detik (= 828 km/jam), pada kedalaman 4.000 m kecepatannya 200 m/detik dan
pada kedalaman 40 m kecepatannya 20 m/detik.<br />
Periode tsunami, yakni jangka waktu yang diperlukan untuk tibanya dua puncak
gelombang yang berurutan, bisa sangat lama. Jika sumbernya sangat jauh,
periodenya bisa mencapai satu jam. Bandingkan dengan periode gelombang karena
angin yang periodenya hanya 10 – 20 m/detik.<br />
Panjang gelombangnya, yakni jarak dari satu puncak ke puncak lainnya, sangat
luar biasa panjangnya, bisa mencapai lebih 200 km.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggi gelombangnya di tengah samudera biasanya kecil saja,
kadang-kadang hanya seperempat hingga setengah meter, hingga sering tak dapat
dirasakan oleh kapal yang sedang berlayar. Tetapi gelombang ini bila mendekati
pantai yang semakin dangkal akan mendapat tekanan yang semakin besar dari dasar
laut dan sebagai kompensasi energinya yang besar dilampiaskan ke arah permukaan
dan menimbulkan gelombang di pantai, bisa mencapai tinggi puluhan meter.
Konfigurasi dasar laut sangat menentukan besarnya bencanayang dapat di
timbulkan. Teluk yang berbentuk V memberikan efek corongyang dapat menyebabkan
gelombang tsunami sangat besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penduduk di pantai dapat mengamati pertanda akan datangnya
tsunamidengan mula-mula melihat laut menjadi (tiba-tiba) cepat surut yang
sangat jauh dari surut normal. Laut menjadi kering, tidak seperti biasanya dan
ikan banyak yang menggelepar-gelepar di pantai. Keajaiban ini sering mengundang
orang untuk turun ke laut, terdorong rasa ingin tahu. Justru ini adalah saat
yang sangat berbahaya. Keringnya laut sebenarnya menunjukkan laut menunjjukkan
bahwa lembah gelombang tsunami telah tiba. Dan sebentar lagi disusul datangnya
puncak gelombang raksasa yang dengan segera menghancurkan segala sesuatu di
pantai. Pada saat demikian, orang sudah sukar untuk menghindar. Biasanya
gelombang ketiga adalah gelombang yang paling dahsyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang tsunami dapat menimbulkan bencana di tempat yang
sangat jauh dari lokasi tempat kelahirannya. Tsunami yang bermula di pantai
Chili, Mei 1960 misalnya, menghancurkan pantai Hilo (Hawaii) setelah menempuh
jarak 12.000 km dalam waktu kurang dari 15 jam, dengan kecepatan rata-rata 804
km/jam.<br />
[Gempa Aceh yang episentrumnya di sebelah barat Aceh dan Kep. Andaman – Nikobar
26 Desember 2004, juga menimbulkan gelombang tsunami yang melanda sampai ke
pantai timur Afrika].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena Indonesia berada pada jalur gempa dan jalur volkanik
yang aktif, maka catatan-catatan sejarah telah menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa
tsunami sering menimbulkan bencana di pantai-pantai kita. Sejak letusan
Krakatau 1883 hingga sekarang [1987] telah tercatat lebih dari 30 peristiwa
tsunami di Indonesia. Dari rata-rata 460 gempa setahun yang tercatat di
Indonesia, kurang lebih 70% merupakan gempa tektonik yang bersumber di bawah
dasar laut yang potensial bisa menimbulkan tsunami. Daerah potensial bencana
tsunami di Indonesia ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 6.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korban jiwa yang terbesar karena tsunami di Indonesia adalah
yang ditimbulkan oleh letusan Gunung Krakatau di Selat Sunda 27 Agustus 1883,
yang merenggut lebih 36.000 jiwa. [Gempa dan tsunami Aceh 2004: hampir 100.000
jiwa]. Letusan ini merupakan letusan gunungapi yang terbesar yang pernah
tercatat dalam sejarah; bunyinya terdengar sampai ke Pulau Rodriguez 1.600 km
sebelah timur Madagaskar, atau 4.563 km dari Krakatau. Duapertiga bagian pulau
seluas 5 x 8 km2 yang diterbangkan pada puncak letusan. Tsunami yang
ditimbulkan luar biasa hebatnya. … Di kota Teluk Betung [sekarang kota: Bandar
Lampung} tsunami menerjang dengan gelombang setinggi 20 m dan di Merak sampai
setinggi hampir 40 m.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-65753012958229929782012-12-07T08:21:00.002-08:002012-12-07T08:22:06.957-08:00Perkambangan Oseanogtafi di Indonesia<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1
Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir
70 persen bagian bumi diselimuti oleh lautan atau perairan. Bumi juga disebut
dengan planet biru, hal ini dikarenakan oleh perairan yang lebih mendominasi
bumi. Lautan terbentuk jutaan tahun lalu, terbentuk pada masa glasial yaitu
oleh pencairan es di kutub. Selain itu akumulasi dari penguapan yang terjadi di
daratan dan akhirnya massa air tersebut berubah menjadi hamparan air yang luas
yang disebut dengan lautan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia
merupakan Negara kepulauan yang sudah tentu banyak memiliku laut atau perairan.
Dari total wilayah Indonesia yang mencapai 5.180.053 km². Perbandingan antara
wilayah daratan dan lautan di Indonesia adalah 3:1, yaitu dengan luas
sebenarnya daratan Indonesia hanya 1.922.570 km², sedangkan luas lautannya
mencapai 3.257.483 km². Jelas bahwa wilayah lautan Indonesia lebih luas
dibandingkan dengan daratanya. Tentu saja potensi yang ada di dalamnya pun
melimpah. Untuk mengetahui akan hal tersebut perlu diadakannya penelitian –
penelitian yang dapat mengekplorasi kekayaan lautan Indonesia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oseanografi
adalah ilmu yang mengkaji tentang laut. Pada awalnya oseanografi merupakan
penelitian yang dilakukan secara biologi, yaitu untuk mengetahui hewan – hewan
atau makhluk hidup yang hidup di dalam lautan. Namun seiring perkembangan ilmu,
oseanografi sekarang sudah lebih interdisipliner yang tidak hanya mengkaji
tentang hewan atau makhluk hidup yang ada di dalam lautan, tetapi juga sudah
mempelajari lautan secara keseluruhan, baik fisik maupun makhluk hidup yang ada
di lautan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
paparan di atas, maka tim penulis mencoba menyusun makalah yang berjudul Sejarah
dan Perkembangan Oseanografi di Indonesia. Dan di bab berikutnya akan dibahas
secara lebih rinci tentang sejarah perkembangan oseaonografi di Indonesia.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
paparan latar belakang di atas, maka tim penyusun merumuskan masalah adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.1
Bagaimana sejarah singkat dan perkembangan oseanografi di dunia?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2
Bagaimana sejarah dan perkembangan oseanografi di Indonesia?</span></div>
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</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Sejarah Singkat Oseanografi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oseanografi
terdiri dari dua kata: oceanos yang berarti laut dan graphos yang berarti
gambaran atau deskripsi (bahasa Yunani). Secara sederhana kita dapat
mengartikan oseanografi sebagai gambaran atau deskripsi tentang laut. Dalam
bahasa lain yang lebih lengkap, oseanografi dapat diartikan sebagai studi dan
penjelajahan (eksplorasi) ilmiah mengenai laut dan segala fenomenanya. Laut
sendiri adalah bagian dari hidrosfer. Seperti kita ketahui bahwa bumi terdiri
dari bagian padat yang disebut litosfer, bagian cair yang disebut hidrosfer dan
bagian gas yang disebut atmosfer. Sementara itu bagian yang berkaitan dengan
sistem ekologi seluruh makhluk hidup penghuni planet Bumi dikelompokkan ke
dalam biosfer.<br />
<br />
Sebelum melangkah pada uraian yang lebih jauh, mungkin ada di antara anda yang
bertanya: "Apa bedanya oseanografi dan oseanologi?" Kalau kita
melihat pada beberapa ensiklopedia yang ada, oseanografi dan oseanologi adalah
dua hal yang sama (sinonim). Namun, dari beberapa sumber lain dikatakan bahwa
ada perbedaan mendasar yang membedakan antara oseanografi dan oseanologi.
Oseanologi terdiri dari dua kata (dalam bahasa Yunani) yaitu oceanos (laut) dan
logos (ilmu) yang secara sederhana dapat diartikan sebagai ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang laut. Dalam arti yang lebih lengkap, oseanologi adalah
studi ilmiah mengenai laut dengan cara menerapkan ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan
tradisional seperti fisika, kimia, matematika, dll ke dalam segala aspek
mengenai laut. Anda tinggal pilih, mau setuju dengan pendapat pertama atau
kedua.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
umum, oseanografi dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam 4 (empat) bidang ilmu utama
yaitu: geologi oseanografi yang mempelajari lantai samudera atau litosfer di
bawah laut; fisika oseanografi yang mempelajari masalah-masalah fisis laut
seperti arus, gelombang, pasang surut dan temperatur air laut; kimia
oseanografi yang mempelajari masalah-masalah kimiawi air laut dan yang terakhir
biologi oseanografi yang mempelajari masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan
flora dan fauna di laut.</span></div>
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<b>1. Pengantar Sejarah Oseanografi</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oseanografi dapat dikatakan sebagai
salah satu ilmu pengetahuan terbaru, namun ilmu cabangnya jika diaplikasikan
dapat mempelajari dan merekam kejadian beberapa puluh tahun yang lalu. Sejarah
perkembangan ilmu ini diawali dari pelayaran pertama, para navigator dan ahli
kelautan mulai memperhatikan berbagai hal tentang laut antara lain pasang
surut, badai, arus dan gelombang yang membawa dan menggerakkan rakit
mereka selama berada di lautan.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1644129493800673773" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Selain mengamati sifat fisik dari
laut, mereka juga mengamati kondisi biota yang hidup di laut terutama ikan.
Mereka menangkap ikan untuk dimakan, namun tidak menggunakan air laut untuk
diminum karena mereka tau air laut itu asin dan tidak dapat diminum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada mulanya pengetahuan tentang laut dibicarakan dari mulut
ke mulut selama ribuan tahun lalu dari mitos dan legenda yang ada. Tapi pada
850 SM para naturalis dan filsuf mulai mancoba memahami tentang badan laut dari
daratan. Karena orang hanya dapat melihat laut tanpa ujung garis pantainya
(dari darat), maka orang berpendapat dan percaya bahwa dunia itu datar. Namun
hal ini terpatahkan dengan adanya pelayaran yang dilakukan oleh Columbus pada
tahun 1400-an. Columbus menyatakan bumi ini bulat dan ¾ nya diselimuti oleh
lautan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya, oseanografi modern mulai dijadikan ilmu
pengetahuan sejak 130 tahun yang lalu yaitu pada akhir abad ke-19. Amerika,
Inggris dan Eropa meluncurkan ekspedisi untuk mengeksplorasi arus laut, dasar
laut dan kehidupan laut. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekspedisi Challenger</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tahun </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1872-1876</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan ekspedisi ilmiah pertama
yang menjelajahi lautan dunia dan dasar lautnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pelaut Polinesia</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimOFL-b4I0MLlyKCBBma3eQh_qyNS3wDa0sFGIJW5qrmEM8435dgJOXNmZHu0AJrVn1hyphenhyphen5qDe9imJ6nh1uWKkasOJ8zX8bGKP64eQbjteuK9FRiCLmN8bB7a-obiIMOTNIybhKMrO3dijb/s1600/1+polynesia.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimOFL-b4I0MLlyKCBBma3eQh_qyNS3wDa0sFGIJW5qrmEM8435dgJOXNmZHu0AJrVn1hyphenhyphen5qDe9imJ6nh1uWKkasOJ8zX8bGKP64eQbjteuK9FRiCLmN8bB7a-obiIMOTNIybhKMrO3dijb/s1600/1+polynesia.gif" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1. Peta Polinesia</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekitar 30.000 tahun yang l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alu, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di sepanjang
garis pantai barat Samudra Pasifik -sekarang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diantara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Australia dan Cina- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orang-orang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mulai
bermigrasi ke arah timur melintasi hamparan Samudra Pasifik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Migrasi ini dilakukan karena adanya
perang suku, bencana alam dan wabah penyakit. Selanjutnya orang Polinesia ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjajah
pulau-pulau di selatan dan barat Pasifik, dari New Guinea di barat ke Fiji dan
Samoa di tengah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
selama 25.000 tahun lamanya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mengapa demikian..? Timbul pertanyaan: “ Bagaimanakan orang
Polinesia dapat berlayar menempuh jarak ribuan mil tanpa kompas atau alat
navigasi yang modern..?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa orang Polinesia sanagt mengamati oseanografi dan hidup
harmoni dengan laut. Mereka mengamati keadaan laut selama berlayar, seperti
keberadaan burung dan kehidupan yang lainnya. Mereka juga merupakan orang
pertama yang menggunakan astronomi bintang untuk menavigasi mereka melewati
laut. Mereka juga merupakan orang pertama yang membuat peta navigasi atau
disebut <i>stick chart</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laut
Mediterania dan Mitos Kuno tentang Samudra</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Orang-orang yang tinggal di sekitar
Laut Mediterania mulai menjelajahi laut Pelaut dari Mesir</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fenisia
memetakan garis pantai daerah untuk membangun beberapa rute perdaganga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada awal p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eradaban
Mediterani</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, termasuk
orang-orang Yunani, telah banyak mitos </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang berkembang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">termasuk dewa dan dewi yang memerintah
atas alam, seperti Poseiden dengan tritonnya. Legenda Mediterania, seperti
Jason dan Argonauts, juga terlibat petualangan di laut besar dan berbahaya.
Banyak peta lautan dan garis pantai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berasal dari daerah ini. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">edagang
Mediterania membuat peta untuk membantu mereka mendapatkan jalur pelayaran yang
tepat untuk bolak-balik ke berbagai kota di pantai Mediterania.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekitar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.900 tahun yang lalu, orang Yunani
mulai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keluar dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mediterania
melewati Selat Gibraltar di ujung barat Laut Mediterania</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memisahkan
Eropa dari Afrika, dan Mediterania dari Samudra Atlantik. Hanya di luar Selat
Gibraltar, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pelaut Yunani </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melihat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagaiman pergerakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> arus kuat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang bergerak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari utara ke
selatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Karena pelaut hanya melihat arus
sungai, mereka berpikir arus kuat itu hanya bagian lain dari sungai yang lebih
besar. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata Yunani untuk sungai adalah okeano, yang merupakan
akar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari kata laut.<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eksplorasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voyages dan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu Pengetahuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sekitar 650 tahun yang lalu,
penjelajah Eropa berlayar ke laut untuk menemukan rute perdagangan yang lebih
cepat menuju kota-kota di Asia dan Eropa. Pangeran Henry seorang navigator dari
Portugal mengakui pentingnya lautan untuk niaga dan kemudian mendirikan pusat
belajar ilmu kelautan. Ini merupan lembaga oseanografi pertama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada akhir tahun 1400-an Cristopher Columbus menjadi orang
Eropa pertama yang berlayar ke arah barat melintasi Samudra Atlantik. Dan pada
awal tahun 1500-an berlanjut dengan pelayaran Ferdinand Magellan mengelilingi
dunia. Awal tahun 1700-an beberapa negara Eropa (Spanyol, Inggris, Prancis)
berusaha memperluas kekuasaan mereka hingga ke Hindia Timur melalui jalur
lautan.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixaxOX-aVi1VNlSt_NMnwMNUnBOHSnd9xSHmOBw_mow9oV7_Ig5y25kMBwRCrcY1KuYWmpVe1-ZtxXpHm4T9ldvDuV9arUDhRKVGZK-OBxtFBiyr3w0WfE1cJKzJr-zEyQ-QiyiWH8Y2FS/s1600/8+ferdinand.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjalanan yang paling terkenal yaitu pada tahun 1768 ketika
HMS Endeavour meninggalkan Inggris dan berlayar dibawah pimpinan Kapten James
Cook. Lebih dari 10 tahun James Cook telah memimpin tiga ekspedisi mengelilingi
dunia dan membuat peta dari berbagai daerah termasuk Australia, Selandia Baru
dan Kepulauan Hawaii. Dia adalah pelaut ulung, navigator dan ilmuwan yang
selalu mengamati setiap perjalanan pelayarannya dengan tajam. Dialah yang menyatakan
bahwa kekurangan vitamin C bagi para nelayan merupakan faktor yang menyebabkan
banyak nelayan meninggal selama pelayaran. Sehingga Cook selalu berlayar dengan
membawa bekal berupa acar kubis yang kaya akan vitamin C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain sejarah para pelaut yang panjang, sejarah lainnyapun
ditorehkan oleh Harrison seorang pembuat lemari berkebangsaan Inggris. Diawali
pada tahun 1728, Harrison membuiat jam pendulum untuk membantu mengetahui
waktu, namun jamnya tidak berfungsi dengan baik pada kapal yang sedang
berlayar. Pada 1736 Harrison membuat jam dengan pegas bukan dari pendulum dan
berhasil. Akhirnya dengan alat ini pelaut dapat mengetahui waktu dan jarak
barat atau timur dari meridian utama (0 derajat bujur). Jam yang terakhir ini
telah diuji dalam pelayaran dari Inggris ke Jamaika dan dapat berfungsi dengan
baik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi menyeluruh
(komprehensif) mengenai laut dimulai pertama kali dengan dilakukannya ekspedisi
Challenger (1872-1876) yang dipimpin oleh naturalis bernama C.W. Thomson
(berkebangsaan Skotlandia) dan John Murray (berkebangsaan Kanada). Istilah
Oseanografi sendiri digunakan oleh mereka dalam laporan yang diedit oleh
Murray. Murray selanjutnya menjadi pemimpin dalam studi mengenai sedimen laut.
Keberhasilan dari ekspedisi Challenger dan pentingnya ilmu pengetahuan tentang
laut dalam perkapalan/perhubungan laut, perikanan, kabel laut dan studi
mengenai iklim akhirnya membawa banyak negara untuk melakukan
ekspedisi-ekspedisi berikutnya. Organisasi oseanografi internasional pertama
adalah The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1901).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sejarah Oseanografi di Indonesia</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di Indonesia sendiri terdapat
beberapa lembaga penelitian dan perguruan-perguruan tinggi dalam bidang
kelautan. Salah satu lembaga penelitian kelautan yang tertua di Indonesia
adalah Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, yang berada di bawah Lembaga Ilmu
Pengetahuan Indonesia (disingkat menjadi LON-LIPI) yang kini telah berubah
namanya menjadi Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi. Cikal bakal dari lembaga
penelitian ini dulu bernama Zoologish Museum en Laboratorium te Buitenzorg yang
didirikan pada tahun 1905.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian oseanografi di Indonesia pertama kali dilakukan
tahun 1904 oleh KONINGSBENSER, ketika mendirikan laboratorium Perikanan di
Jakarta. Lab ini tahun 1919 di ubah menjadi Lab. Biologi Laut, dan akhirnya
sejak tahun 1970 menjadi Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1644129493800673773" name="OLE_LINK1">
Perkembangan Oseanografi di Indonesia</a></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari waktu ke waktu penelitian tentang kelautan di Indonesia
terus dikembangkan baik untuk penelitian skala nasional maupun partisipati
dalam penelitian skala internasional. Perkembangan oseanografi di indonesia tersebut
dapat dirinci pada penjelasan di bawah ini:</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The British Challenger Expedition (1872-1876): Hasil dari
ekspedisi ini telah dibukukan dalam 50 jilid besar dan dianggap sebagai penemu
ilmu pengetahuan kelautan modern, </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.8pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ekspedisi Sibolga dari Belanda (1899-1900): sangat membantu
pengembangan pengetahuan hayati kelautan di Indonesia, Peta batimetri Indonesia
pertama yang dibuat oleh Tyderman (1903) didasarkan pada data dari Ekspedisi
Sibolga Pada tahun 1919, Laboratorium Penelitan Kelautan (<i>Laboratorium Voor
Het Onderzoek der Zee</i>) didirikan </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ekspedisi Snellius (1929-1930): menguraikan dan mengungkapkan
geologi kelautan dan oseanografi fisik </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada Tahun 1952: orang-orang Denmark dengan Ekspedisi "<i>Galathea</i>"
juga mengunjungi Indonesia. Ekspedisi ini mempelajari aspek-aspek biologis laut
dalam di Indonesia. Veen (1953): pembuatan peta distribusi salinitas di
perairan laut di Indonesia Wyrtki (1957): menemukan gejala naiknya air di Laut
Banda Awal thn 1960 merupakan era baru bagi penelitian laut di Indonesia yang
aktivitasnya baru dilakukan oleh ilmuwan-ilmuwan dalam negeri </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemudian Tiga badan nasional diberi tugas untuk mengadakan
aktivitas dalam penelitian lautan, berikut:</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pertama</span></i></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah pengganti dari <i>Marine Research Laboratory </i>yang
saat ini dikenal dengan nama Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi
(P30-LIPI) di Jakarta. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fungsi-fungsi utama P30-LIPI adalah : </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melakukan penelitian kelautan tentang keadaan fisik, kimia,
biologi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan aspek-aspek tentang
pembentukan permukaan tanah laut. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengkoordinasikan pengumpulan data. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memberikan saran-saran ilmiah kepada Badan-badan Nasional <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan masyarakat tentang masalah-masalah ilmiah
yang berhubungan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan lautan.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kedua</span></i></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah Lembaga Penelitian Perikanan Laut (LPPL) yang saat
ini dikenal dengan nama Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut (Balit Kanlut) yang
mempunyai fungsi pekerjaan yang sama seperti halnya yang dilakukan oleh
P30-LIPI, namun lebih memusatkan kepada aspekaspek perikanan laut.</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ketiga</span></i></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah badan yang bernama DISHIDROS (Dinas
Hidro-Oseanografi) yang juga mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan kedua badan yang
telah disebutkan diatas tetapi mempunyai tugas yang khusus yaitu menangani
Hidrografi laut seperti kedalaman laut, pemetaan mengenai arus dan pasang s</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">urut. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Indonesia memiliki Kapal Penelitian “Jalanidhi" (1963) dan
"Burudjulasad" (1966), sehingga dapat lebih menggiatkan aktivitas
penelitian di bidang kelautan, baik nasional maupun yang bekerjasama dengan
dunia internasional, sebagai berikut:</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ekspedisi Baruna I (1964),
merupakan Ekspedisi Ilmiah tentang lautan yang pertama di Indonesia dilakukan
oleh ilmuwan dalam negeri, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ekspedisi Baruna II (1966) dan
Ekspedisi Cenderawasih (1967),</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tahun 1970-1980, Ekspedisi Lautan
India Internasional (IIOE), Ekspedisi tentang kerjasama mempelajari daerah
Kuroshio dan sekitarnya (CSK), Koordinasi Komite dari (WESTPAC) <i>Southeast
Asia Tectonic and Resources </i>(SEATAR), Operasi Amindo Jaya di Selat Makasar
antara Republik Indonesia dan Amerika, Ekspedisi Corindon (RI - Perancis), dan
Ekspedisi Snellius II di Perairan Indonesia Timur (RI - Belanda),</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ekspedisi Rumphius I, II, dan III.
untuk mengadakan penelitian biosistematika.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan 1980-sekarang: </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">East Asian Seas Action Plan </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Rencana Aksi
Laut Asia Timur) yang dilaksanakan oleh UNEP-COBSEA (Badan Koordinasi mengenai
Laut di Asia Timur). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">South China Sea Forum </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Forum Laut Cina Selatan) yang
merupakan forum pemerintah di sekeliling laut Cina Selatan yang dikoordinasikan
oleh Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN <i>Marine Science Programs </i>(Program-program ilmiah
kelautan ASEAN). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-<i>Australia Regional Living Coastal Resources Program </i>(1985-1994)
(Program Sumber-sumberdaya Kehidupan Pesisir ASEAN-Australia). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-<i>Australia Regional Ocean Dynamics </i>(1985-1995),
(Kegiatan laut wilayah ASEAN-Australia). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-USA <i>Coastal Resources Management Project </i>(1986-1993),
(Proyek Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Laut ASEAN - Amerika). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-<i>Canada Marine Polution Criteria </i>(1987 - 1997),
(Kriteria pencemaran Laut ASEAN-Canada). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-ROK <i>Industrial Use of Marine Biological Resources </i>(1994-1997),
(Penggunaan Sumberdaya Biologi Kelautan dalam Industri ASEAN - ROK). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ASEAN-JAPAN <i>Management of Multispacies Resources And
Multigear Fisheries</i>. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GEF/UNDP/IMO <i>Regional
Program for The Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in The East Asian
Seas</i>, (Program Regional untuk Pencegahan dan Pengelolaan Pencemaran Laut di
laut-laut di Asia Timur GEF/UNDP/IMO). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar Kapal </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“Jalanidhi"
(1963) </span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar Kapal </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">"Burudjulasad"
(1966)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara
kepulauan Indonesia kaya dengan beragam sumber daya laut dan pesisir. Bermacan
jenis ikan, burung laut, termbu karang, mangrove, dan biota lainnya hidup di
laut yang terbentang di antara ribuan pulau. Berbagai tipe pantai, teluk,
angin, gelombang, mineral dan sumber daya lainnya terhampar luas di pesisir dan
laut lepas. Kekayaan sumberdaya tersebut bukan saja menjadi penghidupan bagi
penduduk di sekitar laut tetapi juga mendatangkan pendapatan dan devisa bagi
negara. Dengan demikian laut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan
antara lain seperti yang disebutkan di bawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang transportasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perikanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertambangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan baku obat-obatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potensi energi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rekreasi dan pariwisata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan dan penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konservasi alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahanan dan keamanan nasional,
dsb </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan
penelitian demi penelitian terus dikembangkan untuk kepentingan kelautan di
Indonesia. Agar Indonesia mampu memaksimalkan potensi kelautan yang dimiliki. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-32713297742441183202012-12-07T08:08:00.003-08:002012-12-07T08:13:46.837-08:00Inilah Klasemen Liga Europalasemen Liga Europa setelah pertandingan-pertandingan Kamis (Jumat WIB),
yang merupakan pertandingan keenam dan terakhir di fase grup:<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
Grup A<br />
Liverpool 6 3 1 2 11 9 10 - lolos<br />
Anzhi Makhachkala 6 3 1 2 7 5 10 - lolos<br />
Young Boys 6 3 1 2 14 13 10<br />
Udinese 6 1 1 4 7 12 4<br />
<br />
Grup B<br />
Viktoria Plzen 6 4 1 1 11 4 13 - lolos<br />
Atletico Madrid 6 4 0 2 7 4 12 - lolos<br />
Academica Coimbra 6 1 2 3 6 9 5<br />
Hapoel Tel-Aviv 6 1 1 4 4 11 4<br />
<br />
Grup C<br />
Fenerbahce 6 4 1 1 10 7 13 - lolos<br />
M'gladbach 6 3 2 1 11 6 11 - lolos<br />
Marseille 6 1 2 3 9 11 5<br />
AEL Limassol 6 1 1 4 4 10 4<br />
<br />
Grup D<br />
Bordeaux 6 4 1 1 10 5 13 - lolos<br />
Newcastle 6 2 3 1 7 5 9 - lolos<br />
Maritimo Funchal 6 1 3 2 4 6 6<br />
Club Brugge 6 1 1 4 6 11 4<br />
<br />
Grup E<br />
Steaua Bucharest 6 3 2 1 9 9 11 - lolos<br />
VfB Stuttgart 6 2 2 2 9 6 8 - lolos<br />
FC Copenhagen 6 2 2 2 5 6 8<br />
Molde 6 2 0 4 6 8 6<br />
<br />
Grup F<br />
Dnipropetrovsk 6 5 0 1 16 8 15 - lolos<br />
Napoli 6 3 0 3 12 12 9 - lolos<br />
PSV Eindhoven 6 2 1 3 8 7 7<br />
AIK Solna 6 1 1 4 5 14 4<br />
<br />
Grup G<br />
RC Genk 6 3 3 0 9 4 12 - lolos<br />
Basel 6 2 3 1 7 4 9 - lolos<br />
Videoton 5 2 0 3 5 6 6<br />
Sporting Lisbon 5 0 2 3 2 9 2<br />
<br />
Grup H<br />
Rubin Kazan 6 4 2 0 10 3 14 - lolos<br />
Inter Milan 6 3 2 1 11 9 11 - lolos<br />
Neftchi 6 0 3 3 4 8 3<br />
Partizan Belgrade 6 0 3 3 3 8 3<br />
<br />
Grup I<br />
Lyon 6 5 1 0 14 8 16 - lolos<br />
Sparta Prague 6 2 3 1 9 6 9 - lolos<br />
Athletic Bilbao 6 1 2 3 7 9 5<br />
Hapoel Kiryat Shmona 6 0 2 4 6 13 2<br />
<br />
Group J<br />
Lazio 6 3 3 0 9 2 12 - lolos<br />
Tottenham 6 2 4 0 8 4 10 - lolos<br />
Panathinaikos 6 1 2 3 4 11 5<br />
Maribor 6 1 1 4 6 10 4<br />
<br />
Grup K<br />
Bayer Leverkusen 6 4 1 1 9 2 13 - lolos<br />
Metalist Kharkov 6 4 1 1 9 3 13 - lolos<br />
Rosenborg 6 2 0 4 7 10 6<br />
Rapid Vienna 6 1 0 5 4 14 3<br />
<br />
Group L<br />
Hanover 6 3 3 0 11 8 12 - lolos<br />
Levante 6 3 2 1 10 5 11 - lolos<br />
Helsingborgs IF 6 1 1 4 9 12 4<br />
FC Twente 6 0 4 2 5 10 4<br />
<br />
Catatan:
Dua tim urutan teratas di masing-masing grup lolos ke babak 32 besar,
di mana mereka akan bergabung dengan delapan tim yang menduduki
peringkat ketiga di fase grup Liga Champions.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-87372736009193730542012-12-07T07:29:00.000-08:002012-12-07T07:34:05.857-08:00PERENCANAAN WILAYAH<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DEFINISI
PERENCANAAN</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan dapat berarti berbeda bagi orang
yang berbeda, bisa berarti sederhana atau kompleks. Hal ini dapat membuat
perbedaan definisi perencanaan pada tiap ahli yang tergantung dari sudut
pandang, fokus perhatian dan luasan bidang yang tercakup dalam perencanaan.
Disini akan disebutkan beberapa definisi perencanaan:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah menetapkan suatu tujuan dan memilih
langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Ini merupakan
pengertian perencanaan secara sederhana tanpa memperhatikan faktor-faktor
pembatas atau pengaruh lain.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan berarti menetapkan suatu tujuan
yang dapat dicapai setelah memperhatikan faktor-faktor pembatas dalam mencapai
tujuan tersebut, memilih serta menetapkan langkah-langkah untuk mencapai tujuan
tersebut. Pentingnya perencanaan adalah karena kita selalu berhadapan dengan
keterbatasan faktor-faktor produksi. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan menetapkan suatu tujuan setelah
memperhatikan pembatas internal dan pengaruh eksternal, memilih serta
menetapkan langkah-langkah untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Pengertian ini
didapat karena adanya kesulitan dalam perencanaan apabila ada faktor luar yang
berpengaruh dalam pencapaian tujuan. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan berarti mengetahui dan menganalisis
kondisi saat ini, meramalkan perkembangan berbagai faktor <i>non-controllable</i>
yang relevan, memperkirakan faktor-faktor pembatas, menetapkan tujuan dan
sasaran yang diperkirakan dapat dicapai, serta mencari langkah-langkah untuk
mencapai tujuan tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi tersebut sudah cukup rumit akan tetapi
masih belum menyentuh unsur dasar yang diperlukan sebagai seorang geografi
yaitu unsur lokasi atau wilayah. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perencanaan
wilayah</b> adalah mengetahui dan menganalisis kondisi saat ini, meramalkan
perkembangan berbagai faktor <i>non-controllabl</i>e yang relevan,
memperkirakan faktor-faktor pembatas, menetapkan tujuan dan sasaran yang
diperkirakan dapat dicapai, menetapkan langkah-langkah untuk mencapai tujuan
tersebut serta menetapkan lokasi dari berbagai kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan (Robinson
Tarigan, 2005).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan merupakan bagian dari pengambilan
keputusan, yaitu memilih tindakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";">PENTINGNYA PERENCANAAN
WILAYAH</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan berkaitan dengan faktor sumber daya
yang terbatas untuk dimanfaatkan hasilnya secara optimal sesuai dengan tujuan
yang hendak dicapai. Pentingnya perencanaan wilayah dikuatkan oleh beberapa
faktor yang dikemukakan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Potensi wilayah terbatas, kemungkinan tidak
dapat diperbanyak atau diperbaharui lagi. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kemampuan teknologi dan cepatnya perubahan
dalam kehidupan manusia.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesalahan perencanaan yang sudah dieksekusi di
lapangan sering tidak dapat diubah atau diperbaiki kembali. Misal: penggunaan
lahan yagn tidak terencana atau salah dalam perencanaan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lahan dibutuhkan oleh setiap manusia untuk
menopang kehidupannya. Disisi lain kemampuan manusia untuk mendapatkan lahan
tidak sama sehingga penggunaan atau kepemilikan lahan tidak dapat sepenuhnya
diserahkan pada mekanisme pasar. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tatanan wilayah sekaligus menggambarkan
kepribadian masyarakat, dimana kedua hal tersebut saling mempengaruhi.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Potensi wilayah sebagai aset yang harus
dimanfaatkan untuk kesejahteraan rakyat secara lestari, berkelanjutan. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan dan Manfaat Perencanaan Wilayah</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan
perencanaan wilayah</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah menciptakan
kehidupan yang efisien, nyaman serta lestari dan pada tahap akhirnya
menghasilkan rencana yang menetapkan lokasi dari berbagai kegiatan yang
direncanakan, baik oleh pemerintah maupun swasta. Lokasi yang dipilih
memberikan efisiensi dan kelestarian lingkungan paling maksimal setelah memperhatikan
benturan kepentingan dari berbagai pihak.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sifat
perencanaan</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang sekaligus
menunjukkan manfaatnya adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan wilayah haruslah dapat menggambarkan
proyeksi berbagai kegiatan ekonomi dan penggunaan lahan pada wilayah di masa
yang akan datang. Sejak awal dapat dilihat arah lokasi yang disiapkan untuk
dibangun dan yang dijadikan sebagai wilayah penyangga. Hal ini berarti sejak
awal sudah dapat diantisipasi dampak positif dan negatif dari perubahan dan
dipikirkan langkah-langkah yang ditempuh untuk mengurangi dampak negatif dan
mengoptimalkan dampak positif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Panduan bagi pelaku ekonomi untuk memilih
kegiatan yang perlu dikembangkan dan lokasi yang memungkinkan di masa akan
datang. Hal ini mempercepat proses pembangunan karena investor mendapat
kepastian hukum lokasi usaha dan menghindarkan benturan kepentingan. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Acuan bagi pemerintah untuk mengendalikan arah
pertumbuhan ekonomi dan arah penggunaan lahan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Landasan bagi rencana-rencana lain yang lebih
sempit dan lebih detil. Misal: perencanaan sektoral dan perencanaan prasarana.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menjamin keserasian spasial, keselarasan antar
sektor, optimalisasi investasi, terciptanya efisiensi dalam kehidupandan
menjamin kelestarian lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Perencanaan wilayah diusahakan mencapai sasaran-sasaran tersebut secara
maksimal berdasarkan hambatan dan keterbatasan yang ada. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">RUANG
LINGKUP PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan
wilayah</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah perencanaan
penggunaan ruang wilayah (tertuang dalam perencanaan tata ruang wilayah) dan
perencanaan aktivitas pada ruang wilayah (tertuang dalam rencana pembangunan
wilayah). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perencanaan wilayah sebaiknya dimulai dengan
penetapan visi dan misi wilayah.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Visi
adalah cita-cita tentang masa depan wilayah yang diinginkan. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Visi</b> seringkali bersifat abstrak tetapi
ingin menciptakan ciri khas wilayah yang ideal.</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Misi</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah kondisi antara atau suatu tahapan untuk
mencapai visi tersebut. Misi merupakan kondisi ideal setingkat dibawah visi
tetapi lebih realistik untuk mencapainya.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam kondisi ideal, perencanaan wilayah
sebaiknya dimulai setelah rencana tata ruang wilayah (RTRW) tersusun, karena
RTRW merupakan landasan sekaligus sasaran perencanaan pembangunan wilayah.
Perencanaan pembangunan wilayah sebaiknya menggunakan dua pendekatan yaitu
pendekatan sektoral dan pendekatan regional. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LANGKAH-LANGKAH
PERENCANAAN WILAYAH</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Glasson (1974) menyatakan bahwa ‘perencanaan
dalam artian umum adalah menyangkut serangkaian tindakan yang ditujukan untuk
memecahkan persoalan di masa depan’. Glasson kemudian menetapkan urutan
langkah-langkah perencanaan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The identification of the problem.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The formulation of general goals and more
specific and measureable objectives relating to the problem.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The odentification of possible constraints.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Projection of the future situation.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The generation
and evaluation of alternative cources of action, and the production of a
preffered plan, which in generic form may include any policy statement or
strategy as well as a definitive plan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Langkah yang dikemukakan Glasson ini harus diperluas untuk kebutuhan
perencanaan di Indonesia. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perencanaan
wilayah di Indonesia</b> setidaknya memerlukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambaran kondisi saat ini dan identifikasi
persoalan. Diperlukan kegiatan pengumpulan data, baik data primer maupun
sekunder. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tetapkan visi, misi dan tujuan umum. Dimana hal
yang tercakup didalamnya harus merupakan kesepakatan bersama sejak awal.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Identifikasi pembatas dan kendala yang sudah
ada saat ini maupun diperkirakan akan muncul pada masa akan datang.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proyeksikan berbagai variabel terkait, baik
bersifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">controllable</i> (dapat
dikendalikan) maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-controllable</i>
(di luar jangkauan pengendalian pihak perencana).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: -24.0pt list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tetapkan sasaran yang diperkirakan dapat
dicapai dalam kurun waktu tertentu, yaitu berupa tujuan yang dapat diukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: -24.0pt list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mencari dan mengevaluasi alternatif untuk
mencapai sasaran. Perlu diperhatikan keterbatasan dan faktor produksi yang
tersedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: -24.0pt list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memilih alternatif terbaik, termasuk menentukan
berbagai kegiatan pendukung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: -24.0pt list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menetapkan lokasi dari berbagai kegiatan yang
akan dilaksanakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: -24.0pt list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyusun
kebijakan dan strategi agar kegiatan pada tiap lokasi berjalan sesuai yang
diharapkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -24.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -24.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tarigan, Robinson, 2005, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perencanaan
Pembangunan Wilayah</i>, PT Bumi Aksara, Jakarta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -24.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -24.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-24506477565194183522012-12-07T07:28:00.001-08:002012-12-07T07:33:54.007-08:00KONSEPSI WILAYAH DAN PEWILAYAHAN<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ilmu wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regional science</i>) merupakan kajian yang sangat penting bagi seorang
perencana untuk dapat menggunakan pendekatan dan strategi pembangunan wilayah
dengan tepat. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu wilayah</b> adalah
ilmu yang mempelajari wilayah sebagai suatu sistem, khususnya yang menyangkut hubungan
interaksi dan interdependensi antara subsistem utama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">eco-system</i> dengan subsistem utama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">social-system</i>, serta kaitannya dengan wilayah lain dalam membentuk
suatu kesatuan wilayah guna pengembangan, termasuk penjagaan kelestarian
wilayah tersebut (Sutami, 1977).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian
Wilayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Banyak ahli memberikan batasan mengenai
wilayah, akan tetapi definisi tersebut memiliki beragam perbedaan, tergantung
sudut pandang bidang studi ahli tersebut. Salah satu batasan wilayah
dikemukakan oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E.G.R. Taylor</b> pada
tahun <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1950</b> sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">‘A region may be defined as a unit area of the
earth’s surface distinguishable from a more area by the exhibition of some
unifying characteristic or property</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">’.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah
dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu daerah tertentu di permukaan bumi yang dapat
dibedakan dengan daerah tetangganya atas dasar kenampakan karakteristik atau
properti yang menyatu. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Walaupun ada bermacam batasan pengertian
wilayah, ada beberapa unsur kesamaan yang bila disimpulkan akan menjadi tiga
dasar penggolongan, yaitu: kelompok pertama mendasarkan definisi pada
gejala-gejala kemanusiaan (human phenomena), kelompok kedua mendasarkan pada
gejala-gejala alamiah (natural phenomena) dan kelompok ketiga mendasarkan pada
gejala-gejala geografi (geographical phenomena) dengan mengkaitkan faktor
alamiah dan manusiawi dalam jalinan yang harmonis. Dari pengertian tentang
wilayah tersebut, konsep wilayah dapat dikelompokkan dalam:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konsepsi
wilayah ditinjau dari segi tipenya,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konsepsi
wilayah ditinjau dari rank/hierarkinya,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konsepsi
wilayah ditinjau dari segi kategorinya, (Minshull, 1970).</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list -24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEPSI WILAYAH BERDASARKAN TIPE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyoroti arti dan eksistensi wilayah
berdasarkan tipe, titik tolaknya ada pada ide-ide homogenitas dan
heterogenitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ide Homogenitas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Populer dengan istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">formal region/homogeneous region/uniform
region</i>. Dalam hal ini yang penting adalah keseragaman dari properti yang
ada pada wilayah tersebut, baik secara individual maupun gabungan dari beberapa
unsur. Dengan kesukaran dalam delimitasinya maka muncul istilah wilayah inti/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">core region</i> (Alexander,1963). Wilayah
dari segi homogenitas, yang dipentingkan bukan semata-mata pengenalan sejauh
mana batas-batas terluar wilayah tertentu, melainkan mengenal bagian intinya.
Mengingat karakter utama suatu wilayah tercermin dari bagian intinya. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daerah inti</b> adalah bagian dari suatu
wilayah yang memiliki derajat diferensiasi paling besar diantara wilayah lain,
sedang batas-batas wilayah dalam pandangan ide homogenitas merupakan bagian
dengan derajat diferensiasi terkecil atau nol dari wilayah tetangganya. Daerah
peralihan semata-mata merupakan wilayah tersendiri dengan ciri tersendiri. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ide Heterogenitas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam ide ini tercermin pola
interdependensi dan pola interaksi antara subsistem utama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ecosystem</i> dengan subsistem utama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">social system</i>. Penekanan utamanya menyangkut segi-segi kegiatan
manusia (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">man’s activities</i>). Dalam ide
ini tercermin pola <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unity in diversity</i>
dengan keberbagaian gejala dalam batas-batas tertentu tercipta kesatuan
hubungan dan pola ketergantungan. Biasanya sistem yang ada dalam batas wilayah
tersebut terkontrol oleh sebuah titik pusat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Selain menekankan ide heterogenitas
juga menekankan pandangan pada ide sentralitas. Banyak cara dalam penentuan
batas wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delimitation of region</i>),
baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif, atau generalisasi maupun klasifikasi
atau keduanya. Titik berat pada hubungan fungsional maka disebut wilayah
fungsional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">functional region</i>). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 1. Functional Region</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="17" width="13"><br /></td>
<td width="236"><br /></td>
<td width="66"><br /></td>
<td width="237"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="7"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="124" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="236" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="112"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="112" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="237" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="5"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list -24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEPSI WILAYAH BERDASARKAN HIERARKI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian wilayah selalu ditekankan pada sifat
khasnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unique characteristic</i>).
Untuk meninjau rank/hirarki suatu wilayah dapat bertitik tolak dari berbagai
segi, seperti ditinjau dari segi size (ukuran), form (bentuk), function
(fungsi), faktor lain atau gabungan dari faktor-faktor tersebut. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Passarge </i>(Jerman) mengemukakan ide
mengenai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rank of </i>region. Secara
diafragmatis oleh Chorley & Hagget (1970) digambarkan sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar
2. Hirarki Wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regional hierarchy</i>)</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.4pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.7pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.8pt;" width="30"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">16</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.9pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.4pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.45pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.5pt;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">15</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">16</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.35pt;" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.95pt;" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="8" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" width="302"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="8" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.8pt;" width="289"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="16" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 443.0pt;" width="591"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keterangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A: gegend – rank of the 1st order : satuan wilayah terkecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B: landschaftsteil - rank of the 2nd order : gabungan beberapa gegend</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C: landschaft - rank of the 3rd order : gabungan beberapa landschaftsteil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D: landsteil - rank of the 4th order : gabungan beberapa landschaft</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E: land - rank of the 5th order : gabungan beberapa landsteil </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list -24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEPSI WILAYAH BERDASARKAN KATEGORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah berdasarkan katgorinya memiliki
realisasi bermacam-macam. Penggolongan yang umum digunakan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -36.0pt list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Single Topic Region</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
(wilayah bertopik tunggal)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah
yang eksistensinya didasarkan pada satu macam unsur saja. Bila ditinjau dari
tipenya dapat berupa wilayah formal atau wilayah fungsional. Contoh: delimitasi
wilayah atas curah hujan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -36.0pt list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Combined Topic Region </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(wilayah
bertopik gabungan)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah
yang dibentuk sebagai realisasi gabungan beberapa unsur yang masih satu topik.
Contoh: delimitasi regional berdasarkan beberapa topik seperti curah hujan,
temperatur dan tekanan udara, dalam jangka waktu panjang akan menghasilkan
wilayah dengan iklim berkarakteristik berbeda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -36.0pt list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Multiple Topic Region </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(wilayah
bertopik banyak)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilayah
yang eksistensinya berdasarkan pada beberapa topik berbeda antara satu dengan
yang lain tapi masih berhubungan, tergantung tujuan. Contoh: delimitasi daerah
pertanian, data yang diperlukan iklim, keadaan tanah, geomorfologi dan lainnya
yang dianggap penting. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -36.0pt list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Total Region </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(wilayah
total)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Delimitasi
mencakup semua unsur dalam suatu wilayah. Regionalisasi bersifat klasik dengan
kesatuan politik sebagai dasar. Keuntungan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total
region </i>terletak pada pelaksanaannya, terutama ditinjau dari segi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">administratic convenience</i>. Akan tetapi
kesulitan yang dihadapi lebih banyak karena luasan masalah yang dicakup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -36.0pt list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Compage </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertimbangan
utama dalam delimitasi adalah menonjolnya aktivitas manusia di suatu tempat,
bukan banyak sedikitnya topik. Orientasi titik berat bukan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">physical setting</i> tapi bobot kegiatan
manusia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konsepsi wilayah berdasarkan kategori ini tidak
mengharuskan kita untuk menganut salah satu dari konsep tersebut tapi juga
dapat dilakukan kombinasi silang antara berbagai konsep. Hal ini tergantung
pada jenis kegiatan, lingkup usaha, masalah, luas daerah dan tujuan perancangan
program. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="17" width="116"><br /></td>
<td width="72"><br /></td>
<td width="361"><br /></td>
<td width="52"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="36"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="88" rowspan="2" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="52"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251651072;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">f, g, h, I, j, k</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="52"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="92" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="72" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 589px; left: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: -134px; width: 603px; z-index: 251644928;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="0"><br /></td>
<td width="18"><br /></td>
<td width="5"><br /></td>
<td width="8"><br /></td>
<td width="67"><br /></td>
<td width="102"><br /></td>
<td width="27"><br /></td>
<td width="16"><br /></td>
<td width="8"><br /></td>
<td width="33"><br /></td>
<td width="36"><br /></td>
<td width="6"><br /></td>
<td width="9"><br /></td>
<td width="32"><br /></td>
<td width="95"><br /></td>
<td width="13"><br /></td>
<td width="18"><br /></td>
<td width="61"><br /></td>
<td width="9"><br /></td>
<td width="32"><br /></td>
<td width="8"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="10"><br /></td>
<td colspan="16"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="6" valign="top"><img height="140" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="110" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="16"><br /></td>
<td colspan="5"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="90" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="84" /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="4" valign="top"><img height="126" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="136" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="74"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="82" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="98" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="8"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="28"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="4"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="5"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40"><br /></td>
<td colspan="3"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" colspan="4" height="40" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="212"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251648000;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 3. Single Topic Region</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
<td colspan="6"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" colspan="6" height="40" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="228"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251652096;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 4. Combined Topic Region</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="22"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td colspan="10"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="148" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="234" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="122"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top"><img height="122" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="209" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="24"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="4"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="13"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" colspan="6" height="40" rowspan="2" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="228"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251655168;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 5. Multiple Topic Region</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="27"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td colspan="4"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" colspan="6" height="40" rowspan="2" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="228"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251660288;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 6. Total Region</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="13"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="157"><br /></td>
<td colspan="3"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="12" valign="top"><img height="157" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="444" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian
Pewilayahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pewilayahan memegang peranan penting dalam
sebuah perencanaan karena sangat berguna untuk mengetahui variasi karakter
wilayah tertentu. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pewilayahan</b> adalah
usaha untuk membagi-bagi permukaan bumi tertentu untuk tujuan yang tertentu
pula. Pembagiannya dapat mendasarkan pada kriteria tertentu seperti
administratif, politis, ekonomis, sosial, kultural, fisis, geografis dan
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pewilayahan di Indonesia berhubungan erat
dengan pemerataan pembangunan dan mendasarkan pembagian pada sumber daya lokal
sehingga prioritas pembangunan dapat dirancang dan dikelola sebaik-baiknya.
Pewilayahan untuk perencanaan pengembangan wilayah di Indonesia
bertujuan untuk:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menyebar-ratakan pembangunan, untuk
menghindarkan pemusatan kegiatan pembangunan di daerah tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menjamin keserasian dan koordinasi antar
berbagai kegiatan pembangunan di tiap daerah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">memberikan pengarahan kegiatan pembangunan
untuk pemerintah, swasta maupun masyarakat umum (Hairy Hadi, 1974). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prinsip-Prinsip
Pewilayahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara garis besar, metode pewilayahan
digolongkan menjadi dua, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyamarataan Wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regional Generalization</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klasifikasi Wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regional Classification</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Black"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Black";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyamarataan Wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regional Generalization</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyamarataan
Wilayah</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (generalisasi
regional) adalah suatu proses atau usaha untuk membagi permukaan bumi atau
bagian dari permukaan bumi tertentu menjadi beberapa bagian dengan cara
mengubah atau menghilangkan faktor-faktor tertentu dalam populasi yang dianggap
kurang penting atau kurang relevan, dengan maksud untuk menonjolkan karakter
tertentu. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam generalisasi regional adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list -6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Skala Peta</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Studi wilayah yang detail
menghendaki ketelitian dan ketepatan pengukuran-pengukuran yang dilakukan di
lapangan. peta berskala besar dalam hal ini digunakan untuk visualisasi data.
Daerah survei pada taraf ini daerah liputannya tidak terlalu luas. Generalisasi
dengan cakupan luas dengan sendirinya akan menggunakan peta berskala kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Akibat yang timbul dari penggunaan
skala peta yang berbeda adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Makin besar skala peta (makin detail <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">feature</i> yang diamati) akan makin kecil
derajat penyamarataan wilayah yang dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Makin kecil skala peta akan semakin besar
derajat penyamarataan wilayah yang dilakukan (James, 1952).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list -6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan Pewilayahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan pewilayahan akan
mempengaruhi derajat generalisasi yang dilakukan. Contoh: pemetaan tata guna
tanah mempunyai derajat generalisasi yang lebih kecil dibanding generalisasi
regional untuk tujuan analisis klimatologis. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">visual</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">features</i> daerah penelitian. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Visual
data</i> akan mengalami derajat generalisasi lebih kecil dibandingkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unvisual data</i> dengan batasan
faktor-faktor lain adalah sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Delimitasi
dalam Generalisasi Regional </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masalah yang dihadapi dalam perencanaan
pengembangan wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regional
development planning</i>) adalah pewilayahan, yaitu ‘delimitasi regional’. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Delimitasi</b> adalah cara-cara penentuan
batas terluar suatu wilayah untuk tujuan tertentu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Delimitasi Kualitatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tinjauan menyeluruh terhadap sifat-sifat
yang ada dalam suatu wilayah akan menimbulkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">image</i> tentang kenampakan yang menyolok dari suatu wilayah. Tiap
daerah memiliki karakteristik khas, masing-masing daerah tersebut secara
konsepsional akan dibatasi oleh garis pemisah (garis batas). Garis pemisah ini
pada hakekatnya bukan merupakan batas tegas antar wilayah tetapi lebih
merupakan suatu wilayah peralihan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zone
of transision</i>) antara dua kenampakan yang berbeda. Deferensiasi kenampakan
paling kabur adalah wilayah peralihan sedangkan deferensiasi dengan kenampakan
paling tegas adalah daerah inti atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">core
region</i> (Alexander, 1963). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Delimitasi kualitatif dalam
generalisasi regional banyak dikerjakan dalam interpretasi foto udara maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ERTS Imagery</i>. Delimitasi kenampakan
didasarkan pada rona, tekstur dan pola dalam foto udara. Delimitasi kualitatif
lebih menguntungkan dan dapat dipercaya daripada delimitasi yang mendasarkan
pada peta garis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">line maps</i>).
Delimitasi wilayah kualitatif dalam generalisasi memiliki kelemahan yang
disebabkan oleh cara memisah-misahkan wilayah yang satu dengan yang lain
semata-mata mendasarkan pada pengamatan bersifat kualitaf. Delimitasi ini cocok
untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pre planning period</i> untuk
mendapatkan gambaran umum suatu wilayah sebagai pedoman penentuan langkah
selanjutnya yang lebih konkrit dan tegas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Delimitasi Kuantitatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menekankan parameter kuantitatif,
data yang digunakan sebagai dasar generalisasi diambil dari berbagai bidang.
Data yang sudah terkumpul dituangkan dalam peta yang akan memberikan gambaran
penyebaran data dalam kaitannya dengan ruang. Contoh: pewilayahan klimatologis
oleh US Weather Beureau, mendasarkan delimitasi pada lokasi stasiun-stasiun
meteorologi yang tersebar diseluruh daerah. Dengan menghubungkan beberapa titik
dan membuat garis berat masing-masing penghubung antar dua stasiun. Maka akan
diperoleh wilayah klimatologi dengan batas garis berat dan stasiun meteorologi
sebagai pusatnya. Wilayah tersebut menjadi bentukan yang disebut sebagai <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poligon</b>. Cara ini dikemukakan oleh
Thiesen dan dikenal dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thiesen
Polygon</b> (Hagget, 1970).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="9" width="65"><br /></td>
<td width="74"><br /></td>
<td width="252"><br /></td>
<td width="84"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="260"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top"><img height="260" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/user/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="410" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="11"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="40" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="252"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251670528;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 8. Thiesen Polygon</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode lain yang dapat digunakan
adalah Raillys Law yang dikenal dengan istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law of Retail Gravitation</i>. Seiring kemajuan teknologi, maka
digunakan pula alat hitung elektronik (komputer)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam teknik pewilayahan. Keuntungan
penggunaan alat ini adalah kecepatan kinerja dan konsistensi yang tinggi.
Delimitasi dapat dilakukan dengan jalan mendeliniasi batas-batas antara
penyebaran jenis-jenis data yang berlainan. </span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="4" width="44"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Black"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Black";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klasifikasi Wilayah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regional Classification</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara etimologis, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">klasifikasi</b> adalah metode untuk mengatur data secara sistematis
menjadi golongan-golongan atau beberapa bagian yang dalam hal ini dapat berupa
grup, kelas, atau keluarga (Webster, 1966). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klasifikasi
wilayah</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah usaha untuk
mengadakan penggolongan wilayah secara sistematis kedalam bagian-bagian
tertentu berdasarkan properti tertentu. Penggolongan yang dimaksud haruslah
memperhatikan keseragaman sifat dan semua individu. Semua individu dalam
polulasi mendapatkan tempat dalam golongan masing-masing. Tujuan utama
klasifikasi adalah untuk tidak menonjolkan sifat-sifat tertentu dari sejumlah
individu, melainkan mencari diferensisasi antar golongan. Cara klasifikasi
dapat dikerjakan dengan sifat kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Klasifikasi dapat
bertujuan untuk mengetahui deferensiasi jenis dan deferensiasi tingkat. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deferensiasi Jenis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deferensiasi jenis dilakukan untuk
memberikan gambaran mengenai sifat suatu wilayah. Jenis ini biasanya
menggunakan cara kualitatif. Contoh: klasifikasi wilayah berdasarkan penyebaran
tata guna tanah. Makin teliti klasifikasi maka akan makin baik informasinya.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list -12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deferensiasi Tingkat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode Interval (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interval Method</i>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Regionalisasinya berdasarkan data
statistik, sifat utama adalah kuantitatif. Yang perlu diperhatikan dalam metode
ini adalah parameter-parameter klas yang digunakan untuk dasar penggolongan.
Makin banyak klas yang dibentuk dalam diferensiasi atau makin kecil interval
yang digunakan sebagai dasar penggolongan maka makin banyak informasi yang
dapat diperoleh dari data yang bersangkutan (Robinson AH & RD Sale, 1969).
Dari penyebaran data secara keruangan yang tidak teratur, dapat diperoleh
sistematika penyebaran data pada interval tertentu. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode Hirarki (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hierarchical Method</i>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masing-masing klas mempuyai
hubungan dengan klas-klas dibawahnya atau diatasnya, karena orde yang lebih
tinggi merupakan gabungan dari klas dibawahnya (Chorley & Hagget, 1970).
Secara diafragmatis, pembagian klas dengan metode hirarki dapat dilihat pada
gambar 2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PUSTAKA
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hadi Sabari
Yunus, 1991, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Konsepsi Wilayah dan
Pewilayahan</i>, PT. Hardana Ekacitra Tunggal, Jogjakarta. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-45038669398034758562012-12-07T07:17:00.000-08:002012-12-07T07:22:55.297-08:00ARTI DAN RUANG LINGKUP PERENCANAAN WILAYAH<!--[if !mso]>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Latar belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Dalam kerangka perencanaan wilayah, yang dimaksud dengan ruang wilayah adalah
ruang pada permukaan bumi dimana manusia dan makhluk lainnya dapat hidup dan
beraktivitas. Ruang adalah wadah pada lapisan atas permukaan bumi termasuk apa
yang ada diatasnya dan yang ada dibawahnya sepanjang manusia masih dapat menjangkaunya.
Dengan demikian ruang adalah lapisan atas bumi yang berfungsi menopang
kehidupan manusia dan mahkluk lainnya, baik melalui memodifikasi maupun sekedar
langsung menikmatinya. Dalam hal ini kata “ruang” selalu terkait dengan wilayah
sedangkan kata “wilayah” setidaknya harus memiliki unsure : lokasi, bentuk,
luas dan fungsi. Direktorat bina tata perkotaan dan pedesaan Ditjen cipta karya
Dep. PU (1996) memebrikan definisi tentang ruang sebagai berikut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“ ruang adalah wadah
yang meliputi ruang daratan, ruang lautan, dan ruang udara : termasuk
didalamnya lahan atau tanah, air, udara dan benda lainnya serta daya dan
keadaan, sebagai satu kesatuan wilayah tempat manusia dan makhluk lainnya dan
melakukan kegiatan serta memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<br />
PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>A. Arti dan Ruang Lingkup Perencanaan
Ruang Wilayah </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
ruang wilayan adalah perencanaan pembagunaan/ pemanfaatan ruang wilayah, yang
intinya adalah perencanaan pembangunan lahan (land use planning) dan
perencanaan pergerakan pada ruang tersebut. Perencanaan ruang wilayah pada
dasarnya adalah menetapkan ada bagian–bagian wilayah (zona) yang tidak diatur
penggunaannya (jelas peruntukannya) dan ada bagian–bagian wilayah yang kurang
tidak diatur penggunannya. Bagi bagian wilayah yang tidak diatur penggunaannya
maka pemanfaatannya diserahkan kepada mekanisme pasar. Perencanaan pemanfaatan
ruang wilayah adalah agar pemanfaatan itu dapat memberikan kemakmuran yang
sebesar-besarnya kepada masyarakat baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang
termasuk menunjang daya pertahanaan dan terciptannya keamanaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Dalam pelaksanaannya, perencanaan ruang wilayah ini disinonimkan dengan hasil
akhir yang hendak dicapai, yaitu tata ruang. Dengan demikian kegiatan itu
disebut perencanaan ata penyusunaan tata ruang wilayah. Berdasarkan materi yang
dicakup, perencanaan ruang wilayah ataupun penyususnaan tata ruang wilayah
dapat dibagi kedalam dua kategori, yaitu perencanaan yang mencangkup
keseluruhaan wilayah perkotaan dan non perkotaan (wilayah belakang) dan
perencanaan yang khusus untuk wilayah perkotaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Perencanaan tata ruang yang menyangkut keseluruhan wilayah misalnya Rencana
Tata Ruang Wilayah Nasional (RTRWN), Rencana tata ruang wilayah provinsi
(RTRWP), dan Rencana tata ruang wilaya kabupaten (RTRWK). Perbedaan utama dari
kedua jenis perencanaan tersebut adalah pada perbedaan kegiatan utama yang
terdapat pada wilaya perencanaan. Pada perencanaan keseluruhan wilayah ada
kegiatan perkotaan dan ada kegiatan non perkotaan dengan focus utama
menciptakan hubungan yang serasi antara kota dengan wilayah belakangnya. Pada
perencanaan wilayah kota, kegiatan utama adalah kegiatan perkotaan dan
pemukiman sehingga yang menjadi focus perhatian adalah keserasian hubungan
antara berbagai kegiatan didalam kota untuk melayani kebutuhan masyarakat
perkotaan itu sendiri plus kebutuhan masyarakat yang datang dari luar kota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Landasan dan manfaat pengaturan penggunaan ruang </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan penggunaan
ruang wilayah bisa berakibat kerugian pada sebagian masyarakat karena lahan
yang dimilkinya tidak bisa bebas digunakan. Dengan demikian, perlu
dipertanyakan apa landasannya sehingga Negara berhak mengatur penggunaan ruang.
Di wilayah Republik Indonesia Hak Negara jelas diatur dalam UUD 1945 Pasal 33
ayat (3) yang berbunyi “ Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang mengandung
didalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran
rakyat”. Hak Negara ini lebih lanjut diatur dalam berbagai undang – undang dan
peraturan pemerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Dalam sebuah terbitan World Bank, Chritine M.E Whitehead (Dunkerley 1983 ; 108)
menulis “the market mechanism is unlikely, on its own, to produce an efficient
allocation of lands uses”, artinya mekanisme pasar saja tidak akan menghasilkan
suatu alokasi penggunaan lahan yang efisien, dengan demikian pabila dibiarkan,
kemakmuran masyarakat tidak akan optimal atau bahkan bisa merosot. Hal ini yang
mendorong agar pemrintah perlu campur tangan dalam pengaturan penggunaan lahan,
Whitehead mengemukakan beberapa alasan mengapa pemerintah perlu campur tangan
dalam mengatur penggunaan lahan ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
1. Perlu tersedianya lahan untuk kepentingan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Adanya factor
eksternalitas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Informasi yang tidak
sempurna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Daya beli masyarakat
yang tidak merata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Perbedaan penilaian masyarakat antara manfaat jangka pendek dengan manfaat jangka
panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Uraian diatas masing – masing alasan itu dikemukakan berikut ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintah
pelu menyediakan lahan untuk kepentinagn umum (public goods) yang apabila
diserahkan kepada mekanisme pasar, hal itu tidan akan tersedia atau
ketersediaan tidak sebanyak yang dibutuhkan. Lahan untuk kepentingan umum
misalnya untuk jaringan jalan, saluran drainase, jalur pipa air minum, jaringan
listrik dan telephone lapangan olahraga, fasilitas pendidikan atau fasilitas
kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
factor eksternalitas dalam kegiatan manusia yaitu adanya dampak dari kegiatan
tersebut terhadap lingkungan disekitarnya yang bisa merugikan atau
menguntungkan masyarakat ( tetapi dalambanyak hal merugikan), tetapi tidak
mempengaruhi penerimaa/ pengeluaraan institusi yang melakukan kegiatan
tersebut. Misalnya kegiatan industry yang menimbulkan populasi apabila tidak
diatur lokasinya dapat menciptaan kerugian (misalnya dibidang kesehatan) pada
masyarakat disekitarnya., padahal mekanisme pasar tidak mengatur pembayaran
konpensaasi kepada masyarakat yang dirugikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
yang tidak sempurna, menyangkut kondisi saat ini maupun tentang apayang
direncanakan orang saat ini untuk dilaksanaakan dimasa yang akan datang.
Seseorang tidak mengetahui apa yang aan dilakukan orang lain atas lahannya
padahal penggunaan lahan dapat mempengaruhi nilai kegunaan lahan masyarakat
disekitarnya. Apabila informasi tidak sempurna pasar tidak merespons secara
wajar sehingga apa yang dilakukan masyarakat menjadi tidak optimal. Misalnya
masyarakat tidak mengetahui dimanaakan dibangun lokasi industry berskala besar
sehingga masyarakat tidak cukup cepat merespons kemungkinan tersebut.
Seandainya masyrakat sejak awal sudah mengetahui rencana tersebut, masyarakat
bisa memanfaatkan peluang – peluang adanya industry tersebut, seperti membangun
pondokan untuk karyawan menyiapkan pasar dan menyiapkan angkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya
beli masyarakat yang tidak merata sehingga ada pihak – pihak yang dapat
menguasai lahan secara berlebihan tetapi ada pihak lain yang tidak mendapatkan
lahan. Padahal lahan dibutuhkan setiap manusia setidak – tidaknya sebagai
tempat tinggal. Selain mengakibatkan ada pihak – pihak yang dirugikan
pemanfaatan lahan juga menjadi tidak optimal, misalnya karena kehidupan menjadi
tidak efisien. Misalnya ada lahan strategi cukup luas diperkotaan yang hanya
dikuasai oleh segelintir manusia secara monopolistic atau oligopolistic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
penilaian individu masyarakat antara manfaat jangka pendek dengan manfaat
jangka panjang. Masyarakat cendrung menilai manfaat jangka pendek lebih penting
ketimbang manfaat jangka panjang. Hal ini cendrung merugikan kepentingan dari
generasi yang akan datang apabila dibiarkan masyarakat cendrung menkonsumsi
secara berlebihan seluruh potensi alam termasuk mekonsumsi energy yang tidak
terbaru. Hal ini akan merugikan gengerasi yang akan datang karena kemampuan
alam untuk menompang kehidupan mereka jadi menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alasan pertama,
perlunya dilestarikan kawasan yang mengandung spesies tanaman dan hewan langka
serta situs bersejarah yang dijadikan kawasan lindung. Kawasan lindung perlu
dilestarikan karena apabila diganggu banyak factor eksternalitas yang
merugikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Alasan kedua, pemerintah perlu mencegahmasyarakat dari penggunaan lahan yang
merugikan dirinya sendiri. Banyak contoh bisa dikemukakan misalnya perlunya
masyarakat mencegah penggunaan lahan yang tidak sesuai dengan peruntukannya.
Walaupun dia sendiri tidak secara langsung merugikan orang lain.misalnya
masyarakat yang membangun tempat tinggal didaerah yang terkena banjir tahunan. <br />
Alasan ketiga, manusia dalam hidupnya mengiginkan atau membutuhkan keindahan,
kenyamanaan, keamanaan, ketentraman, keteraturan, dan kepastian hokum.
Pengeturan penggunaan lahan haruslah dikaitkan dengan tercapainya keinginan
atau kebutuhan manusia. Maslah keindahan kenyamanaan, keteraturan sangat perlu
diperhatikan terutama diwilayah perkotaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C. Bentuk Campur Tangan Pemerintah</b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun pemerintah
memiliki hak untuk mengatur penggunaan seluruh lahan sesuai dengan Pasal 33 UUD
1945, akan tetapi tidak akan efisien apabila seluruh lahan diatur penggunaannya
oleh pemerintah. Pada dasarnya, kebijakan pemerintah di satu sisi menjamin
terciptanya penggunaan lahan yang serasi sedangkan di sisi lain memanfaatkan
efisiensi yang terkandung di dalam mekanisme pasar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Beberapa bentuk campur tangan pemerintah dapat dikategorikan atas kebijakan
yang bersifat:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan
yang bersifat menetapkan atau mengatur <br />
Kebijakan yang bersifat menetapkan/mengatur artinya pemerintah menetapkan penggunaan
lahan pada suatu subwilayah (zona) atau lokasi hanya boleh untuk
kegiatan/penggunaan tertentu (kegiatan itu bias hanya satu atau lebih), yang
dinyatakan secara spesifik atau disertai dengan criteria dari kegiatan tersebut
(volume, ukuran, bentuk atau ketinggian). Kebijakan ini diterapkan untuk
mencapai sasaran sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
kelestarian lingkungan hidup, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan
lahan untuk kepentingan umum (public goods),</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malindungi
masyarakat dari kemungkinan menderita kerugian yang besar, yaitu untuk kegiatan
yang memiliki factor eksternalitas negative yang besar, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menciptakan/
menjaga keasrian, keindahan, kenyamanan suatu lingkungan,</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
terdapat efisiensi dalam penyediaan prasarana,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melindungi
kepentingan masyarakat kecil, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari
penggunaan lahan yang pincang sehingga tidak efisien, dan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari
penggunaan lahan yang tidak memberikan sumbangsih yang optimal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan
yang bersifat mengarahkan<br />
Kebijakan yang bersifat mengarahkan adalah apabila pemerintah tidak menetapkan
ketentuan yang ketat tetapi mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bersifat
mengiringi/mendorong masyarakat ke arah penggunaan lahan yang di inginkan
pemerintah. Misalnya; program penanaman kembali hutan gundul atau reboisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan yang bersifat
membebaskan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan yang bersifat
membebaskan artinya penggunaan lahan pada lokasi tersebut tidak diatur atau
diarahkan. Pada dasarnya tidak ada penggunaan lahan yang betul-betul bebas di
Indonesia, semuanya harus tunduk pada undang-undang atau peraturan yang
berlaku. Pengertian kebijakan yang membebaskan ini relative, artinya tidak
diatur secara khusus selain oleh undang-undang dan peraturan yang berlaku umum.
Misalnya; lahan-lahan di luar kota yang umumnya digunakan sebagai lahan
pertanian karena kpadatan penduduk masih rendah, dikarenakan lahan datar
sehingga kecil kemungkinan terjadi erosi. Maka pemerintah tidak perlu
menetapkan penggunaan khusus bagi lahan tersebut. Seperti lahan persawahan,
irigasi teknis atau kawasan peternakan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D. Gambaran Umum Perencanaan Tata Ruang Wilayah </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan tata ruang
wilayah adalah suatu proses yang melibatkan banyak pihak dengan tujuan agar
penggunaan ruang itu memberikan kemakmuran yang sebesar-besarnya kepada
masyarakat dan terjaminya kehidupan yang berkesinambungan. Landasan penataan ruang
wilayah di Indonesia adalah Undang-Undang Penataan Ruang Nomor 24 Tahun 1992
tentang Penataan Ruang.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Penataan ruang wilayah dilakukn pada tingkat Nasional, Provinsi Kabupaten/Kota,
setiap rencana tata ruang harus mengemukakan kebijakan makro pemanfaatan ruang
berupa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
pemanfaatan ruang;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
dan pola ruang, dan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang.<br />
Tujuan pemanfaatan ruang adalah menciptakan hubungan yang harmonis diantara
berbagai subwilayah, sehingga dapat mempercepat proses tercapainya kemakmuran
dan terjaminnya kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Struktur ruang menggambarkan pola
pemanfaatan ruanng dan kaitan antara berbagai ruang berdasarkan pemanfaatan
serta hierarki dari pusat permukiman dan pusat pelayanan. Pola pemanfaatan
ruang adalah tergambarkannya pemanfaatan ruang secara menyeluruh. Pola
pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang adalah kebijakan dan strategi yang perlu
ditempuh agar rencana pemanfaatan ruang dapat dikendalikan menuju sasaran yang
diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RTRW tingkat nasional
berisikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggambaran
struktur tata ruang nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetapan
kawasan yang perlu dilindungi;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
indikasi penggunaan ruang budi daya dan arahan permukiman dalam skala nasional;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
kawasan yang diprioritaskan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
kawasan tertentu yang memiliki bobot nasional;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
jaringan penghubung dalam skala nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RTRW tingkat Provins iadalah
penjabaran RTRWN berisikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengelolaan kawasan lindung dan kawasan budi daya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengelolaan kawasan pedesaan, perkotaan dan kawasan tertentu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengembangan kawasan permukiman, kehutanan, pertanian, pertambangan, perindustrian,
pariwisata, dll;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengembangan system pusat permukiman pedesaan dan perkotaan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengembangan system prasarana wilayah;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan
pengembangan kawasan yang diprioritaskan; <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arahan kebijakan tata
guna tanah, tata guna air, tata guna udara, dan tata guna sumber daya alam
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Kedalaman perencanaan pada tingkat kabupaten adalah penjabaran dari penggunaan
ruang pada tingkat provinsi, disertai strategi pengelolaan kawasan tersebut.
Ini berarti sudah dapat menggambarkan rencana peruntukkan lahan untuk
masing-masing kawasan, langkah-langkah untuk mencapai rencana tersebut, serta
cara pengendalian dan pengawasaannya. Isi RTRW kabupaten sama dengan RTRW
provinsi, hanya harus diuraikan lebih rinci dan perlu ditindak lanjuti dengan
penyususnan rencana rinci tata ruang kawasan di kabupaten, rencana detail tata
ruang (RDTR) dan rencana teknik ruang (RTR).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Dalam hal ini RTRW Kabupaten harus memedomani dan menjabarkan RTRW nasional dan
RTRW provinsi disertai strategi pengelolaanya. Kabupaten masih memiliki
kewenangan menentukan penggunaan lahan untuk lokasi yang tidak secara tegas
dalam RTRW nasional dan provinsi. Berikut adalah penjelasan isi ringkas RTRW
kabupaten.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1. Penetapan Kawasan Lindung</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan lindung adalah
kawasan yang berfungsi untuk melindungi kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Penentuan
kawasan lindung diatur di dalam UU PR No 24 Pasal 7. Dan Keppres RI No 32/1990
tentang pengelolaan kawasan hutan lindung, dijelaskan pada pasal 37 sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Kawasan hutan
lindung;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Kawasan bergambut;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Kawasan resapan air;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Sempadan panati;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Sempadan sungai;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6) Kawasan ssekitar
danau/waduk;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7) Kawasan sekitar mata
air;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8) Kawasan suaka alam;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9) Kawasan suaka alam
laut dan perairan lainnya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10) Kawasan pantai
berhutan bakau;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11) Taman nasional;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12) Taman hutan raya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13) Taman wisat alam;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14) Kawasan cagar
budaya dan ilmu pengetahuan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15) Kawasan rawan rawan
bencana alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Penetapan Kawasan Budi Daya yang di atur</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan budi daya
adalah kawasan di mana manusia dapat melakukan kegiatan dan memanfaatkan lahan
baik sebagai tempat tinggal atau berkativitas untuk memperoleh
pendapatan/kemakmuran. Tujuannya adalah untuk menghindari kerugian yang dapat
ditimbulkan terhadap alam, masyarakat atau pengelola sendiri agar nilai atau
kegunaan kekayaan alam tidak menurun drastic. Kbijakan yang diterapkan adalah
mengkhususkan suatu subwilayah hanya boleh untuk kegiatan tertentu atau
melarang suatu kegiaan tertentu pada suatu subwilayah lain. Kawasan yang sudah
ditetepkan untuk penggunaan khusus tidak boleh dirubah penggunaan atau kalaupun
memungkinkan harus melalui prosedur yang ditentukan. Bentuk lain dari
pengaturan adalah melarang kegiatan tertentu berlokasi pada kawasan yang tidak
diperuntukkan baginya atau pun menetapkan aturan tertenti bagi yang melakukan
aktivitas dilokasi tersebut. Bentuk kebijakannya adalah tidak member izin pada
pemohon baru dan meminta usaha yang telah ada agar menyesuaikan atau merelokasi
tempat kegiatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Kawasan Budi Daya yang diarahkan </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pemanfataan
kawasan budi daya yang diarahkan tidak dinyatakan dengan tegas bahkan
seringkali pengarahannya dilakukan secara sektoral. Hal ini berarti kebijakan
itu berlaku untuk seluruh wilayah yang kondisinya memenuhi criteria untuk
diarahkan. Tujuan pengarahan adalah agar penggunaan lahan menjadi optimal dan
mencegah timbulnya kerugian bagi para pengelola. Salah satu kebijakan yang
bersifat mengarahkan adalah mendorong masyarakat berbudi daya sesuai dengan kemampuan
atau daya dukung lahan. Kemampuan lahan ditentukan oleh bahan organic lahan,
tofografi, curah hujan, dsb. Selain masalah kesesuaian lahan, penggunaan lahan
juga perlu diarahkan agar tercipta manfaat yang optimal atau untuk mengindari
ada pihak lain yang dirugikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Kawasan Budi Daya yang diarahkan </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah kawasan yang
tidak diatur atau diarahkan secara khusus, kawasan ini biasanya berada diluar
kota dan tidak ada permasalahan dalam penggunaan lahan. Daerah itu juga bukan
persawahan beririgasi teknis, kegunaannya biasanya untuk pertanian tanaman
campuran dan rumah tinggal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Hierarki Perkotaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiaerarki perkotaan
menggambarkan jenjang fungsi prkotaan sebagai akibat perbedaan jumlah, jenis
dan kualitas dari fasilitas yang tersdia di kota tersebut.Atas dasar perbedaan
itu, volume dan keragaman pelayanan yang dapat di berikan setiap jenis
fasilitas juga berbeeda. Hierarki perkotaan seringkali sudah tercipta secara
alamiah (mechanism pasar) ttapi bias juga dimodifikas/diubah sbagai akibat
kputusan pemrintah. Misalnya sebuah kota kecil yang diputuskan pmerintah mnjadi
ibukota kabupaten, secara perlahan akan menaikkan hierarki dari kota trsebut,
apanila keputusan itu direspons oleh masyarakat/pasar. Hierarki perkotaan
sangfat perlu diperhatikan dalam perencanaan wilayah karena menyangkut fungsi
yang ingin diarahkan untuk masing-masing kota.<br />
Dalam suatu wilayah, kota orde tertinggi diberi peringkat ke-1. Penentuan orde
(tingkat) sangat terkait dngan luas wilayah analisis. Bagi Indonesia Jakarta
adalah kota orde ke-1, bagi provinsi Sumatera Utara, Medan adalah kota ode
ke-1. Bagi sebuah kabupaten kemungkinan besar ibu kota kabupaten itu yang
menjadi orde ke-1, seandainya ibu kota itu adalalah kota terbesar di kabupaten
trsebut. Orde suatu kota bisa di ubah secara bertahap dengan merencanakan
penambahan fasilitas di kota tersebut, dimana masyarakat diperkirakan akan mau
memanfaatkan fasilitas tersbut sebagaimana mestinya (direspons oleh pasar).<br />
Penentuan jenis dan besarnya fasilitas dimasing masing kota harus tepat.
Apabila kekurangan akan merugikan masyarakat sedangkan apabila berlebih, akan
membuat investasi menjadi mubazir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Pengelolaan Wilayah Pedesaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada setiap desa perlu
dittapkan deliniasi desa, yaitu wilayah yang dijadikan permukiman dengan wilayah
budidaya. Desa di Indonesia dikategorikan atas swadaya, swakarya dan
swasembada. Kebijakan yang di terapkan adalah bagaimana meningkatkan status
desa tersebut dengan bantuan yang sminimum mungkin dari pemerintah. Untuk
meningkatkan status desa maka tidak cukup hanya dari usaha pemerintah saja
tetapi juga terkait dengan partisipasi atau kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat. Oleh
karena itu pertumbuhan ekonomi perlu di rangsang baik melalui pendkatan
sektoral maupun pendekatan regional, yang kebijakannya tentu berbeda dari satu
desa ke desa berikutnya. Desa yang berkembang kemungkinan akan mendorong desa
tetangganya untuk turut berkembang, karena adanya keterkaitan kgiatan antar
desa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.
Sistem Prasarana Wilayah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistm prasarana wilayah
adalah jaringan yang menghubungkan satu pusat kegiatan lainnya, yaitu antara
satu permukiman dengan permukiman lainnya, antara lokasi budi dayua dengan
lokasi permukiman, dan antara lokasi budi daya satu dengan lokasi budi daya
lainnya. Bentuk jaringan itu adalah prasarana berupa jalan raya, jalur kereta
api, jalur sungai, laut dan danau, jaringan listrik, jaringan telepon, saluran
irigasi, pipa air minum, pipa gas, atau pipa bahan bakar yang dapat
dipergunakan untuk berpindahnya orang/bahan/energy/informasi dari satu pusat
kegiatan ke pusat kegiatan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Tujuan perencanaan jaringan adalah agar pergerakkan orang dan barang dapat
mencapai seluruh wilayah secara efisien, yaitu cepat, murah, dan aman. Pada
umumnya jaringan penghubung utama di suatu wilayah adalah jalan raya, sehingga perlu
mendapat perhatian khusus. Berdasarkan petunjuk dari Direktorat Jenderal Bina
Marga Departemen PU, jalan raya dibagi atas beberapa kelas sebagai berikut
(Dirjen Bina Marga, 1976)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Menurut daya dukungf/lebar jalan, jalan dibagi atas : jalan utama yaitu kelas I
; jalan sekunder yaitu kelas IIA,IIB, dan IIC, dan jalan penghubung yaitu kelas
III.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Menurut fungsinya, Jalan terbagi atas jalan arteri, jalan kolektor, dan jalan
local.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Menurut tanggung jawab pengelolaannya dan sekaligus juga menurut fungsinya,
jalan dibagi atas ; jalan Negara, jalan provinsi, jalan kabupaten/kota.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Kawasan yang diprioritaskan pengembangnnya</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kawasan
yang diprioritaskan pengembangannya adalah kawasan yang diperkirakan akan dapat
berkembang dimasa yang akan datang, baik karena kekuatan internal yang terdapat
dikawasan itu ataupun karena adanya investor baru yang akan masuk ke wilayah
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Penatagunaan Tanah, Air, Udara, dan Sumber Daya
Alam Lainnya</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penataguanaan
tanah intinya dalah penatagunaan lahan dengan tujuan agar lahan dapat digunakan
secara aman, tertib, dan efisien sehiungga pemanfaatan lahan untuk budi dayadan
prasarana meenjadi optimal. Penatagunaan air adalah pemanfaatan sumber air yang
tersedia (air tanah dan air permukaan) secara optimal dengan tetap Penatagunaan
udara adalah penataan penggunaan lahan yang terkait dengan ruang udara dan
pemanfaatan udara sebagai sumberdaya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>E. Gambaran Umum Perencanaan Tata Ruang Perkotaan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai
dengan keputusan Menteri PU No. 64/KPTS/1986, ada empat tingkatan Rencana Ruang
Kota, yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Rencana Umum Tata Ruang Perkotaan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Rencana umum tata ruang kota</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Rencana detail tata ruang kota</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Rencana teknik ruang kota</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai
dengan keputusan Menteri PU NO. 640/KPTS/1986 BAB III, RUTRK setidak-tidaknya
harus berisikan hal-hal sbagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1. Kebijaksanaan pengembangan penduduk
kota</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijaksanaan
pengembangan penduduk berkaitan dengan jumlah penduduk dan kepadatan penduduk
pada setiap bagian wi;layah kota.Proyeksi penduduk untuk masing masing bagian
wilayah kota lebih dipengaruhi oleh adanya factor-faktor yang menjadi daya
tarik bagian wilayah kota tersebut. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Kebijakan pemerintah kota adalah mengatur kepadatan penduduk untuk masing
masing bagian wilayah kota, baik dengan mengatur daya tarik suatu bagian
wilayah kota maupun dengan mengeluarkan peraturan. Suatu hal yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah adanya perumahan kumuh di tengah kota dengan kepadatan yang
sangat tinggi. Proyeksi penduduk kota harus diprinci oleh jenis klamin dan
menurut kelompok umur, karena hal ini berkaitan dengan kebutuhan berbagai
fasilitas yang terkait dengan jenis klamin dan kelompok umur.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2. Rencana struktur/Pemanfaatan Ruang
Kota</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencanna
struktur/pemanfaatan ruang kota adalah perencanaan bentuk kota dan pnentuan
berbagai kawasan di dalam kota serta hubungan hierarki antara berbagai kawasan
tersebut. Dalam rencana struktur ruang kota setidaknya harus ditetapkan kawasan
dari berbagai kegiatan utama, seperti perdagangan, industry, prkantoran/jasa,
fasilitas social, terminal, dan perumahan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3. Rencana struktur pelayanankegiatan
kota</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
struktur pelayanan kgiatan kota mnggambarkan hierarki fungsi kegiatan sejenis
di perkotaan. Berbagai fasilitas yang perlu direncanakan penjenjangnnya
disertai lokasinya, misalnya menyangkut pendidikan, kesehatan, terminal, pasar,
kantor pos, perbankan, dan jasa. Misalnya dalam fasilitas pendidikan trdapat
jenjang seperti TK, SD, SMP, SMA, Akademi, Dan Perguruan Tinggi. Harus dicari
perbandingan tpat tentang jumlah fasilitas antara berbagai jenjang pendidikan
dan wilayah pengaruh dari setiap fasilitas. Dengan demikian dapat diperkirakan,
fasilitas pada jenjang lebih tinggi mana yang akan di gunakan oleh anak didik
untuk melanjutkan setelah menyelesaikan pndidikannya. Dalam menetapkan luas
wilayah pengaruh/daya tariuk dari masing masing fasilitas perlu dicatat adanya
sgmntasi pasar.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4. Rencana Sistm Transportasi</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
system transportasi menyangkut peerncanaan system pergerakan dan prasarana
penun jang untuk berbagai njenis angkutan yang trdapat di kota , seperti
angkutan jalan raya, angkutan kereta api, angkutan laut, angkutan sungai,
danau, penyeberangan, serta angkutan udara.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Rencana Sistem Jaringan Utilitas</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
tercakup dalam perncanaan ini adalah sumber beserta jaringannya untuk air minum,
jaringan listrik, jaringan telepon, jaringan gas, saluran pembuangan air hujan,
saluran p[embuangan aor limbah rumah tangga, dan system pembuangan sampah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">6. Rencana Kepadatan Bangunan</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
kepadatan bangunan menggambarkan persentase lahan yang tertutup bangunan pada
suatu lingkungan/bagian kota.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">7. Rencana Ketinggian Bangunan</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketinggian
bangunan perlu diatur karena menyangkut keindahan danm kenyamanan kota. Secara
umum bangunan diperkenankan cukup tinggi dipusat kota dan kurang tinggi apabila
menuju ke pinggiran kota. Hal ini terutama perlu dijaga untuk jalur yang
merupakan alur angin sehingga akan membuat pusat kota tetap mendapat arus angin
sehingga kenymana dipusat kota tetap terpelihara.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Rencana Pengembangan/Pemanfaatan Air Baku</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
pengembangan/pmanfaatan air baku sangat perlu diperhatikan untuk perkotaan. Hal
ini karena sumber air yang tersedia sangat terbatas sedangkan kebutuhan air
diperkotaan terus meningkat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">9. Rencana Penanganan Lingkungan Kota</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
penanganan lingkungan kota adalah langkah-langkah yang akan ditempuh untuk
masing masing lingkungan/bagian kota baik untuk pengembangan maupun untk mnjaga
kenyamanan lingkungan hidup perkotaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">10. Tahapan Pelaksanaan Pembangunan</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
pelaksanaan pembangunan bersangkut paut dngan apa yang direncanakan dapat
terbangun/terealisir untuk masing-masing tahapan. Biasanya setiap tahapan
brjangka waktu lima tahun. Pembangunan itu sendiri ada yang berupa aktivitas
masyarakat dan ada yang merupakan program yang dibiayai dari anggaran pemerintah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">11. Indikasi Unit Pelayanaan Kota</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unit
pelayanan kota adalah berbagai unit kegiatan yang melayani kepentingan umum,
baik berupa kantor pemerintahan, pelayanan kesehatan, pelayanan pendidikan,
pelayanan social kemasyarakatan lainnya atau pemadam kebakaran.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F. Langkah-Langkah Dalam Pelaksanaan
Perencanaan</b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama
seperti dalam pelaksanaan perencanaan pada umunya, perencanaan pemanfaatan
ruang wilayah, kegiatan dimuali dengan pengumpulan data,baik data sekunder yang
telah dimiliki oleh berbagai maupun berbagai data lapangan. Ada baiknya
kegiatan dimulai dengan setudi perpustakaan dan dilanjutkan dengan pengumpulan
data sekunder serta menganalisinya. Hal ini untuk lebih memberikan gambaran
tentang data lapangan yang perlu dikumpulkan. Data yang diperlukan baik data
sekunder maupun data lapangan diolah kedalam bentuk tabel dan peta.
Masing-masing variabel perlu diketahui tidak hanya besarnya tetapi juga
lokasinya. Yang diperlukan adalah data kondisi saat ini. Kemudian dilakukan
proyeksi ke depan atas berbagai parameter yang turut mempengaruhi rencana. Atas
data hasil proyeksi maka ditetapkan sasaran yang igin dicapai pada kurun waktu
tertentu di masa datang, misalnya 5 tahun, 10 tahun, dan 20 tahun ke depan.
Kemudian ditetapkan langkah-langkah agar sasaran tersebut dapat dicapai.
Langkah-langkah itu berupa program dan proyek pada masing-masing lokasi
disertai dengan prkiraan besarnya dana yang dibutuhkan dan dari mana sumber
dananya. Program dituangkan dalam rencana lima tahunan dan untuk lima tahun
pertama dilengkapi dengan program tahunan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Perlu dicatat bahwa dalam menetapkan sasaran, sering terjadi benturan antara
kondisi ideal yang diinginkan dengan arah perkembangan kota berdasarkan
mekanisme pasar. Dalam hal ini harus dicari solusi/tarik ulur antara tercapainya
kondisi yang diinginkan dengan besarnya biaya yang harus dikorbankan .</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Perencanaan pemanfaatan ruang wilayah menyangkut kepentingan seluruh
masayarakat. oleh sebaba itu, kegiatan perencanaan harus melibatkan banyak
kalangan masayarakat. Yang jelas rencana itu harus disetujui DPRD. Namun
demikian, melibatkan DPRD saja tidak cukup. Oleh kaerna itu , ada baiknya
berbagai kelompok masayarakat termasuk cendikiawan diajak ikut serta pada saat
proses penyusunan. Melibatkan tokoh-tokoh masayaraka perlu untuk mengetahui
berbagai keinginan yang terdapat dalam masayarakat ,baik mengenai sarana yang
ingin dicapai maupun transparansi proses dalam penyusunan rencana tersebut.
Setelah dijadikan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) ,rencana itu akan mengikuti semua
pihak sehingga wajar apa bila masayarakat/perwakilannya turut terlibat dalam
penyusunan rencana itu. Sudah tentu akan terdapat berbagai bentuk kepentigan
yang sering kali tidak mudah untuk diselesaikan. Dengan melalui sosialisasi dan
transparansi diharapkan akan dapat dicapai kata sepakat yang memberi keuntungan
optimal dan diterim oleh seluruh masayarakat. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<br />
KESIMPULAN<br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
ruang wilayan adalah perencanaan pembagunaan/ pemanfaatan ruang wilayah, yang
intinya adalah perencanaan pembangunan lahan (lsnd use planning) dan
perencanaan pergerakan pada ruang tersebut. Pengaturan penggunaan ruang wilayah
bisa berakibat kerugian pada sebagian masyarakat karena lhan yang dimilkinya
tidak bisa bebas digunakan. Dengan demikian, perlu dipertanyakan apa
landasannya sehingga Negara berhak mengatur penggunaan ruang. Di wilayah
Republik Indonesia Hak Negara jelas diatur dalam UUD 1945 Pasal 33 ayat (3)
yang berbunyi “ Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang mengandung didalamnya
dikuasai oleh Negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar – besarkemakmuran rakyat”.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun pemerintah
memiliki hak untuk mengatur penggunaan seluruh lahan sesuai dengan Pasal 33 UUD
1945, akan tetapi tidak akan efisien apabila seluruh lahan diatur penggunaannya
oleh pemerintah. Pada dasarnya, kebijakan pemerintah di satu sisi menjamin
terciptanya penggunaan lahan yang serasi sedangkan di sisi lain memanfaatkan
efisiensi yang terkandung di dalam mekanisme pasar. Perencanaan tata ruang
wilayah adalah suatu proses yang melibatkan banyak pihak dengan tujuan agar
penggunaan ruang itu memberikan kemakmuran yang sebesar-besarnya kepada
masyarakat dan terjaminya kehidupan yang berkesinambungan. Landasan penataan
ruang wilayah di Indonesia adalah Undang-Undang Penataan Ruang Nomor 24 Tahun
1992 tentang Penataan Ruang. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Perencanaan pemanfaatan ruang wilayah menyangkut kepentingan seluruh
masayarakat. oleh sebaba itu, kegiatan perencanaan harus melibatkan banyak
kalangan masayarakat.</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Perencanaan Wilayah</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
semua persiapan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan agar hasil yang diharapkan
tercapai dengan baik. Persiapan ini dapat berupa penyediaan alat atau bahan,
ataupun dengan menentukan metode atau langkah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bagian atau unit muka bumi yang
merupakan kesatuan alam (abiotik) dengan biotik yang ada, termasuk manusia
didalamnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Wilayah menurut geografi adalah
suatu hal yang konkret (nyata atau wujud)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Wialayah dapat juga dipandang
sebagai suatu metode klasifikasi ruang di muka bumi, jadi tidak hanya suatu hal
yang nyata (imaginer) misalnya wilayah ekonomi, wilayah budaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Wadah yang meliputi ruang atau
daratan, laut, udara termasuk didalamnya, air, udara, dan sumberdaya sebagai
suatu kesauan wilayah tempat manusia melangsungkan kehidupannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan Tata Ruang
Wilayah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada hakikatnya perencanaan tata
ruang wilayah merupakan perencanaan penggunaan atau pemanfaatan lahan (land use
planing) dan perencanaan pergerakan ruang tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencaan Wilayah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perencanaan Wilayah menetapkan
suatu tujuan dan memilih langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan
tersebut. definisi tersebut tidak salah, akan tetapi belum meperlihatkan
kendala, atau, potensi yang saat ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGERTIAN UMUM TENTANG PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DANKOTA</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Ruang adalah wadah yang meliputi
ruang darat, ruang laut, dan ruang udara, termasuk ruang di dalam bumi sebagai
satu kesatuan wilayah, tempat manusia dan makhluk lain hidup, melakukan
kegiatan, dan memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Tata ruang adalah wujud struktur
ruang dan pola ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Struktur ruang adalah susunan
pusat-pusat permukiman dan sistem jaringan prasarana dan sarana yang berfungsi
sebagai pendukung kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat yang secara hierarkis
memiliki hubungan fungsional.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pola ruang adalah distribusi
peruntukan ruang dalam suatu wilayah yang meliputi peruntukan ruang untuk
fungsi lindung dan peruntukan ruang untuk fungsi budi daya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Penataan ruang adalah suatu
sistem proses perencanaan tata ruang, pemanfaatan ruang, dan pengendalian
pemanfaatan ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Penyelenggaraan penataan ruang
adalah kegiatan yang meliputi pengaturan, pembinaan, pelaksanaan, dan
pengawasan penataan ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pemerintah Pusat, selanjutnya
disebut Pemerintah, adalah Presiden RepublikIndonesia yang memegang kekuasaan
pemerintahan negara RepublikIndonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang
Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pemerintah daerah adalah
Gubernur, Bupati, atau Walikota, dan perangkat daerah sebagai unsur
penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pengaturan penataan ruang adalah
upaya pembentukan landasan hukum bagi Pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, dan
masyarakat dalam penataan ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pembinaan penataan ruang adalah
upaya untuk meningkatkan kinerja penataan ruang yang diselenggarakan oleh
Pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, dan masyarakat.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pelaksanaan penataan ruang
adalah upaya pencapaian tujuan penataan ruang melalui pelaksanaan perencanaan
tata ruang, pemanfaatan ruang, dan pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pengawasan penataan ruang adalah
upaya agar penyelenggaraan penataan ruang dapat diwujudkan sesuai dengan
ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Perencanaan tata ruang adalah
suatu proses untuk menentukan struktur ruang dan pola ruang yang meliputi
penyusunan dan penetapan rencana tata ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pemanfaatan ruang adalah upaya
untuk mewujudkan struktur ruang dan pola ruang sesuai dengan rencana tata ruang
melalui penyusunan dan pelaksanaan program beserta pembiayaannya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang
adalah upaya untuk mewujudkan tertib tata ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Rencana tata ruang adalah hasil
perencanaan tata ruang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Wilayah adalah ruang yang
merupakan kesatuan geografis beserta segenap unsur terkait yang batas dan
sistemnya ditentukan berdasarkan aspek administratif dan/atau aspek fungsional.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Sistem wilayah adalah struktur
ruang dan pola ruang yang mempunyai jangkauan pelayanan pada tingkat wilayah.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Sistem internal perkotaan adalah
struktur ruang dan pola ruang yang mempunyai jangkauan pelayanan pada tingkat
internal perkotaan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan adalah wilayah yang
memiliki fungsi utama lindung atau budi daya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan lindung adalah wilayah
yang ditetapkan dengan fungsi utama melindungi kelestarian lingkungan hidup
yang mencakup sumber daya alam dan sumber daya buatan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan budi daya adalah wilayah
yang ditetapkan dengan fungsi utama untuk dibudidayakan atas dasar kondisi dan
potensi sumber daya alam, sumber daya manusia, dan sumber daya buatan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan perdesaan adalah wilayah
yang mempunyai kegiatan utama pertanian, termasuk pengelolaan sumber daya alam
dengan susunan fungsi kawasan sebagai tempat permukiman perdesaan, pelayanan
jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan agropolitan adalah
kawasan yang terdiri atas satu atau lebih pusat kegiatan pada wilayah perdesaan
sebagai sistem produksi pertanian dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam tertentu
yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya keterkaitan fungsional dan hierarki keruangan
satuan sistem permukiman dan sistem agrobisnis.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan perkotaan adalah wilayah
yang mempunyai kegiatan utama bukan pertanian dengan susunan fungsi kawasan
sebagai tempat permukiman perkotaan, pemusatan dan distribusi pelayanan jasa
pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan metropolitan adalah
kawasan perkotaan yang terdiri atas sebuah kawasan perkotaan yang berdiri
sendiri atau kawasan perkotaan inti dengan kawasan perkotaan di sekitarnya yang
saling memiliki keterkaitan fungsional yang dihubungkan dengan sistem jaringan
prasarana wilayah yang terintegrasi dengan jumlah penduduk secara keseluruhan
sekurang-kurangnya 1.000.000 (satu juta) jiwa.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan megapolitan adalah
kawasan yang terbentuk dari 2 (dua) atau lebih kawasan metropolitan yang
memiliki hubungan fungsional dan membentuk sebuah sistem.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan strategis nasional adalah
wilayah yang penataan ruangnya diprioritaskan karena mempunyai pengaruh sangat
penting secara nasional terhadap kedaulatan negara, pertahanan dan keamanan
negara, ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan/atau lingkungan, termasuk wilayah yang
telah ditetapkan sebagai warisan dunia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan strategis provinsi
adalah wilayah yang penataan ruangnya diprioritaskan karena mempunyai pengaruh
sangat penting dalam lingkup provinsi terhadap ekonomi, sosial, budaya,
dan/atau lingkungan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kawasan strategis kabupaten/kota
adalah wilayah yang penataan ruangnya diprioritaskan karena mempunyai pengaruh
sangat penting dalam lingkup kabupaten/kota terhadap ekonomi, sosial, budaya,
dan/atau lingkungan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Ruang terbuka hijau adalah area
memanjang/jalur dan/atau mengelompok, yang penggunaannya lebih bersifat
terbuka, tempat tumbuh tanaman, baik yang tumbuh secara alamiah maupun yang
sengaja ditanam.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Izin pemanfaatan ruang adalah
izin yang dipersyaratkan dalam kegiatan pemanfaatan ruang sesuai dengan
ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.<br />
Sumber : Undang-Undang Nomor 26 tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-6855561941582079002012-12-07T06:56:00.003-08:002012-12-07T07:05:31.103-08:00Permasalahan Tata Ruang Kota Di Indonesia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tata Ruang Kota Di Indonesia</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indonesia merupakan Negara kepulauan yang terdiri dari
banyak pulau yang dikelilingi oleh lautan yang tersebar dari Sabang sampai
Merauke. Dengan adanya wilayah yang begitu luas pastinya menjadikan wilayah
Indonesia memiliki banyak kota yang tersebar di masing-masing pulau, namun tata
kota di Indonesia masih harus mendapatkan penanganan yang serius karena </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elakangan ini surat kabar atau pun media semakin sering memberitakan
tentang banjir, kemacetan, polusi udara, kemiskinan, dan tentang masyarakat
ataupun lingkungan di wilayah perkotaan seperti Jakarta, Surabaya,Bandung dan
kota besar lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Masalah tersebut dampak dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perbuatan
manusia sendiri yang bertindak tanpa perencanaan atau tanpa pikir panjang
dampak ke depannya pada masyarakat dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Selain itu
berbagai masalah perkotaan timbul akibat perencanaan tata ruang kota yang tidak
jelas, serta inkonsistensi pembuat kebijakan dalam melaksanakan perencanaan
pembangunan.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika dari manusianya sendiri saja kurang kesadaran akan pentingnya
perencanaa tata ruang kota bagaimana nasib pembangunan Negara kedepannya.
Padahal p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">emerintah atau pun pemda telah membuat berbagai
peraturan tertulis maupun himbauan kepada masyarakat tentang aturan-aturan
mengenai lingkungan dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Salah satunya adalah tentang
tata ruang wilayah perkotaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tetapi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kebijakan
atau kesepakatan bersama tidak akan berguna jika tidak diimbangi dengan
konsistensi pelaksanaan secara berkelanjutan oleh para pelaku yang seharusnya
bisa membawa perubahan jika melaksanakan perannya dengan maksimal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Seperti yang kita ketahui </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kepala daerah masih banyak yang
belum mengenal konsep pembangunan perkotaan yang berkelanjutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang berwawasan lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan mereka melakukan
pembangunan daerahnya tanpa ada perencanaan ke depannya padahal untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menciptakan
kota yang nyaman, penataan kota harus direncanakan secara matang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tidak asal, tetapi ini lah yang terjadi di daerah-daerah yang ada di
Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagian dari daerah yang ada di Indonesia sudah mulai memperhatikan
perencanaan tata ruang kota misalnya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Jawa Timur yang sudah memiliki
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), namun pelaksanaannya tidak sesuai dengan
yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah. Karena itu banyak pelanggaran-pelanggaran
yang dilakukan dan dibiarkan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">contohkan
masalah lumpur Lapindo yang belum ada rencana pengganti ruangan yang telah
rusak, seperti jalan akses ke Surabaya maupun kota-kota lain, sehingga
mengganggu ekonomi masyarakat. Masalah lainnya berkaitan dengan pembangunan
Jalan Lingkar Selatan (JLS) yang tak kunjung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">selesai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain hal-hal diatas yang
menjadi penyebab permasalahan tata ruang kota di Indonesia ada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tiga hal
penting mengenai persoalan perkotaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indonesia tidak punya perencanaan
terintegrasi, sehingga berbagai macam persoalan muncul berkaitan dengan
pembangunan kota</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">onsistensi
dalam melaksanakan aturan yang ada juga lemah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">eluruh
pemerintah, baik pusat dan daerah keliatannya konsistensinya kalau berhadapan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> pemodal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lemah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seperti
kasus yang terjadi sekarang, tiba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-tiba</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> kawasan
hijau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">akan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dijadikan mal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">emerintah
kurang memiliki kemampuan mengantisipasi persoalan-persoalan di masa yang akan
datang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seharusnya kita mencontoh
Negara-negara maju seperti </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Belanda yang membuat rencana tata
ruang kota dengan matang hingga beratus-ratus tahun tidak berubah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, tetapi itu kembali lagi kepada kita yang melaksanakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bukti nyata dari masalah-masalah inkonsistensi
pemerintah dalam penataan kota adalah urbanisasi yang tidak terkontrol oleh
pemerintah. Pemerintah terus melakukan pembiaran yang akan berakibat anggapan
bahwa jika pemerintah diam berarti masyarakat berada di posisi yang benar.
Selain masalah tersebut adalah masalah transportasi yaitu semakin banyaknya masyarakat
yang mempunyai kendaraan bermotor pribadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Masalah-masalah tersebut menambah kacaunnya keadaan tata kota yang dari
infrastrukturnya masih belum baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari pernyataan di atas pemerintah
memang mempunyai tanggung jawab besar terhadap masalah perencanaan tata kota
yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">masih kacau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tersebut. Karena akibat kurang matangnya perencanaan
tata ruang dan inkonsistensi pemerintah berdampak kurang terkendalinya
pergerakan masyarakat entah itu masalah urbanisasi, membludaknya kendaraan
bermotor pribadi atau dampak lain masalah tata kota. Tetapi di sini tidak hanya
menjadi masalah pemerintah tetapi sudah menjadi masalah kota tersebut
menyangkut semua yang ada di dalamnya termasuk penduduk yang bertempat tinggal.
Pemerintah hanyalah sebagai perwakilan yang masyarakat percaya sebagai yang
dituakan atau pemberi fasilitas dan pembangun situasi dan kondisi di
masyarakat. Sedang subyek yang sesungguhnya adalah masyarakat yang bertempat
tinggal. Oleh karena itu harus terjadi kerja sama yang baik antara pemerintah
dan masyarakat untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Upaya Penanggulangan
Permasalahan Tata Ruang Kota Di Indonesia</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemerintah
member b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antuan teknis penataan ruang sebagai
salah satu program andalan dan sebagai wujud nyata dari penyelenggaraan salah
satu tugas pokok dan fungsi Ditjen Penataan Ruang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> telah memperlihatkan
bentuknya yang lebih nyata dengan telah mulai diturunkannya beberapa staf
andalan Ditjen Penataan Ruang ke daerah-daerah dalam menjawab kebutuhan daerah
mengenai perlu adanya program pendampingan dan advisory oleh aparat Pusat ke
daerah dalam upaya mereka mereview, merevisi, atau bahkan menyusun baru
produk-produk rencana tata ruangnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
Yang dilakukan antara lain :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penasehatan
dilakukan oleh Ditjen Penataan Ruang dengan mengirimkan tenaga ahli yang
dibutuhkan dalam proses penataan ruang sesuai dengan kebutuhan daerah untuk
memberikan arahan-arahan dan alternatif-alternatif solusi teknis secara
profesional berkaitan dengan ragam permasalahan penataan ruang yang dihadapi
oleh masing-masing daerah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendampingan
dilakukan bila pemerintah daerah memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal pendanaan dan
sumber daya manusia sehingga membutuhkan bantuan tenaga ahli teknis penataan
ruang dari pemerintah pusat (Ditjen Penataan Ruang) untuk membantu dan turut
menyusunkan rencana tata ruang, maupun dalam proses pemanfaatan ruang dan
pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kerjasama
pendanaan dilakukan bila Pemerintah Daerah memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal
pendanaan namun telah memiliki sumber daya manusia yang cukup di bidang penataan
ruang sehingga bantuan teknis yang dibutuhkan dari Pemerintah Pusat hanyalah
bantuan bagi kerja sama pendanaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyusunan
oleh pemerintah pusat adalah penyiapan dana dan tenaga ahli oleh Pemerintah
Pusat dan dalam pelaksanaannya dilaksanakan dengan keterlibatan intensif dari
Pemerintah Daerah, serta pelibatan aktif dari berbagai stakeholders terkait
lainnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dengan
adanya upaya-upaya di atas diharapkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dinamika pembangunan yang terjadi baik yang didorong
oleh kondisi di dalam wilayah Indonesia (fisik, sosial dan ekonomi) maupun
akibat pengaruh eksternal (globalisasi, demokratisasi, good governance, dan
lain lain) telah memunculkan berbagai tantangan baru bagi penataan ruang di
Indonesia. Kondisi ini harus disikapi dengan perlunya perubahan cara pandang dan
cara tindak karena tanpa itu penyelesaian yang dilakukan hanya akan bersifat
simptomatik dan tidak menyentuk akar permasalahan yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sesungguhnya. Menyadari
hal tersebut, Direktorat Jenderal Penataan Ruang telah menetapkan kerangka
pengembangan strategis (strategic development framework) sebagai upaya terpadu
untuk mengantisipasi/menjawab tantangan yang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penataan ruang merupakan
instrumen untuk merumuskan tujuan dan strategi pengembangan wilayah terpadu
sebagai landasan pengembangan kebijakan pembangunan sektoral dan daerah,
termasuk sebagai landasan pengembangan infrastruktur yang efisien sesuai dengan
fungsi-fungsi yang telah ditetapkan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, pemanfaatan
ruang untuk pembangunan infrstruktur perlu mengacu dan se</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">uai dengan rencana tata
ruang yang telah ditetapkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ntuk dapat mewujudkan
kerangka pembangungan strategis tersebut perlu dipersiapkan langkah-langkah
perbaikan terhadap proses penyelelenggaraan penataan ruang, antara lain : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mendorong
proses penyusunan RTRW yang tidakhanya bersifat top-down akan tetapi juga
diimbangi denan proses bottom-up sehingga tercipta sinergi antar kepentingan
pusat dan daerah, maupuan antara kepentingan pemerintah dan seluruh pelaku
pembangunan. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melaksanakan
proses penyusunan rencana tata ruang yang bersifat dinamis dan fokus kepada
hal-hal yang strategis (strategic planning) serta mempertimbangkan keragaman
budaya lokal. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengembangkan
konsep audit penataan ruang sebagai instrumen monitoring dan evaluasi atau
pengendalian pelaksanaan rencana tata ruang dalam skala wilayah maupun kota. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melanjutkan
penyiapan NSPM penyusunan rencana tata ruang (RTR) dan pemanfaatan ruang dan
melakukan diseminasi, sosialisasi dan advokasi penyelenggaraan penataan ruang
kepada seluruh pelaku pembangunan (pemerintah, legislatif dan kelompok-kelompok
masyarakat). </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meningkatkan
penegakan hukum dengan memasukkan aspek sanksi di dalam perubahan UU No.
24/1992 tentang Penataan Ruang. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meningkatkan
kapasitas perencana baik dari sisi kualitas maupun kuantitas dan sistem
informasi penataan ruang sebagai alat monitoring dan evaluasi penyelenggaraan
penataan ruang bersama-sama dengan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan, asosiasi profesi
dan LSM. </span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-38478492677586339132012-12-05T06:06:00.006-08:002012-12-05T15:23:15.713-08:00Kembalinya Kebudayaan ke Pendidikan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: FranklinGothic-ExtraCond; font-size: 14pt;">Darmaningtyas, </span><b>PENULIS BUKU
TIRANI KAPITAL DALAM PENDIDIKAN</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic; font-size: 10pt;">Sumber
:</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium","sans-serif";"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic; font-size: 10pt;">KORAN TEMPO</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium","sans-serif";">, </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: FranklinGothic; font-size: 10pt;">29 Desember 2011</span></i></b></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
catatan yang dapat diberikan untuk pendidikan nasional pada akhir 2011 ini,
mengingat ada sejumlah persoalan muncul, baik pada tingkat kebijakan maupun
praktek di lapangan. Pada tingkat kebijakan, misalnya, adalah dikembalikannya
kebudayaan ke dalam sistem pendidikan nasional, dan munculnya wacana untuk
menarik kembali urusan pendidikan ke pusat. Ini merupakan momentum yang amat
penting karena, selama satu dekade lebih, pendidikan berjalan tanpa roh
kebudayaan. Sedangkan pada tingkat praksis di lapangan, muncul sejumlah kasus
mengenai keterlambatan penyaluran dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah, murid yang
diminta memberikan sontekan kepada murid lain pada saat ujian nasional, dan
kisruh di Universitas Indonesia. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ironi
Dana BOS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kementerian
Pendidikan Nasional pada 2011 ini mencoba melakukan perubahan dalam hal
penyaluran dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) ke sekolah-sekolah. Sejak
tahun ajaran 2005/2006 sampai 2010, dana BOS tersebut disalurkan langsung dari
pemerintah pusat ke rekening sekolah-sekolah. Tapi, dengan maksud menyesuaikan
dengan kebijakan politik nasional yang mendesentralisasi urusan pendidikan ke
daerah, pemerintah pun mencoba melakukan eksperimen dengan cara menyalurkan
dana BOS lewat pemerintah daerah (kabupaten/kota), dengan harapan pemda turut
bertanggung jawab atas penggunaan dana BOS tersebut. Ada nota kesepakatan
antara Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, dan
Kementerian Keuangan agar dana BOS untuk semester genap atau awal tahun
kalender ditransfer pada Januari 2011; dan itu sudah dilakukan oleh Kementerian
Keuangan. Namun ternyata, dalam perjalanannya, dana BOS tersebut sampai ke
sekolah-sekolah terlambat 2 hingga 6 bulan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterlambatan
dana BOS ke sekolah-sekolah pada 2011 ini suatu ironi besar, mengingat hal ini
justru terjadi pada saat penyaluran dana BOS dilakukan lewat pemda, yang secara
fisik dekat dengan sekolah dan secara hierarki menjadi tanggung jawab pemda. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Seharusnya pemda memperlancar penyaluran dana BOS tersebut agar proses
pendidikan di wilayahnya berjalan lancar dan berkualitas. Kebanyakan pemda
menahan dana BOS tersebut di rekening pemda selama 2-6 bulan dengan harapan
dapat memetik keuntungan berupa bunga bank. Atas dasar pengalaman buruk
tersebut, penulis melalui rubrik Opini di media ini mengusulkan agar mekanisme
penyaluran dana BOS dikembalikan seperti semula, yaitu dari pusat langsung ke
rekening sekolah-sekolah. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus
keterlambatan penyaluran dana BOS, yang terjadi justru pada saat dana BOS
disalurkan melalui pemda, menunjukkan bahwa para pemimpin daerah kurang peduli
terhadap nasib pendidikan warganya. Yang mereka pedulikan hanyalah uang yang
dapat mereka korupsi. Mereka tidak berpikir jauh bahwa, dengan menahan
penyaluran dana BOS, sesungguhnya mereka telah mengganggu proses belajar-mengajar
di wilayahnya.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ujian
Kejujuran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah
kontroversi ujian nasional (UN) sebagai penentu kelulusan sampai sekarang belum
kunjung selesai, bahkan tidak akan pernah selesai, karena saya mengetahui bahwa
ada sekelompok guru maupun mereka yang peduli pada pendidikan yang sekarang
justru sedang menyiapkan semacam buku putih sebagai sarana untuk kampanye
menolak UN. Ujian nasional sebagai penentu kelulusan cenderung mereduksi proses
belajar-mengajar lantaran tujuan akhir belajar adalah lulus UN. Persoalan UN
mencuat ke permukaan pada 2011 ketika Ibu Siami, orang tua dari Alif Ahmad
Maulana, murid SDN Gadel 2 Tandes, Surabaya, dan Irma Winda Lubis, ibu dari
Muhamad Abrary, murid SDN 6 Pesanggrahan, Jakarta Selatan, mengungkapkan kepada
publik bahwa anak mereka diminta memberikan sontekan kepada murid lain pada
saat ujian nasional. Berita itu cukup menghebohkan karena berbuntut pada
diusirnya keluarga Ibu Siami dari rumah kontrakannya di Tandes oleh masyarakat
sekitar. Masyarakat tetangga Ibu Siami marah lantaran mereka khawatir akan ada
UN ulangan dan akhirnya anak mereka tidak lulus. Demikian pula yang dialami
Muhamad Abrary, dia akhirnya tidak berani masuk ke sekolah negeri karena di
sekolah negeri justru merasa terteror oleh birokrasi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang terjadi pada keluarga Siami di Surabaya dan Irma Winda Lubis di Jakarta
tersebut menunjukkan bahwa, dalam sistem pendidikan nasional, yang sedang
mengalami ujian bukan hanya murid-murid di kelas akhir (VI SD atau III
SMP-SMTA). Kejujuran birokrasi pendidikan itu sendiri juga sedang diuji.
Ironisnya, meskipun hal yang paling ditekankan pada pendidikan karakter itu
adalah masalah kejujuran, dalam realitas sosiologisnya kita jengah terhadap
mereka yang bertindak jujur. Birokrasi pendidikan sangat tidak ramah terhadap anak-anak
yang bertindak jujur, bahkan menuduhnya berhalusinasi. Ini mencerminkan adanya
ketidakkonsistenan antara kebijakan yang dibuat dan yang dijalankan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tingkat pendidikan tinggi, tahun ini ada perubahan kebijakan pola penerimaan
mahasiswa baru di PTN yang lebih banyak (60 persen) diterima melalui tes
bersama. Sebelumnya, terutama di perguruan tinggi badan hukum milik negara
(PTBHMN), kuota penerimaan mahasiswa baru melalui tes bersama itu beragam, ada
yang hanya 10 persen, ada juga yang mencapai 50 persen. Tapi mulai 2011 ini,
berdasarkan PP Nomor 66/2010 tentang Pengelolaan dan Penyelenggaraan
Pendidikan, kuota mahasiswa yang diterima melalui tes bersama itu mencapai 60
persen. Selain itu, juga mengembangkan sistem undangan. Keduanya itu merupakan langkah
baru bagi pemerintah untuk membuka akses masyarakat tidak mampu terhadap
pendidikan tinggi yang lebih luas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
sisi lain, keberadaan PP Nomor 66/2010 juga dapat memicu persoalan baru,
seperti terlihat di Universitas Indonesia (UI). Gonjang ganjing di UI yang
kemudian memunculkan kasus saling pecat antara rektor dan Majelis Wali Amanah
(MWA) terjadi karena ada distorsi pemahaman terhadap keberadaan PP Nomor
66/2010. Dalam PP tersebut, ada aturan mengenai masa transisi PTBHMN untuk
kembali menjadi perguruan tinggi negeri sampai 31 Desember 2012, tapi Rektor UI
ingin secepatnya menjalankan peran sebagai rektor PTN, sehingga menisbikan
keberadaan MWA yang pada 2007 memilihnya menjadi rektor. Tindakan rektor itu
pun memicu MWA melakukan penisbian yang sama terhadap rektor. Namun, melalui
mediasi yang dilakukan oleh Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, akhirnya
disepakati bahwa masa transisi berlangsung sampai 31 Desember, dan organ-organ
dalam PTBHMN masih berlaku hingga September 2012 nanti. Kasus UI itu memberi
kita refleksi bahwa privatisasi PTN menjadi PTBHMN tidak otomatis mampu
menciptakan transparansi dan akuntabilitas kepada publik yang lebih baik. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Catatan akhir tahun 2011 ini tidak melulu
sedih. Ada pula yang menggembirakan, yaitu kembalinya roh kebudayaan ke
pendidikan nasional sejak 20 Oktober 2011, ketika Presiden Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono mengumumkan perubahan susunan kabinet dan di sana diangkat seorang
Wakil Menteri Pendidikan untuk urusan kebudayaan, dan mengubah nomenklatur dari
Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional menjadi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Sebelumnya, kebudayaan melekat pada Kementerian Pariwisata. Kembalinya roh
kebudayaan ke dalam sistem pendidikan nasional tersebut diyakini akan
memberikan dasar yang kuat pada praksis pendidikan nasional, sehingga tidak
hanya terjebak pada persoalan-persoalan manajerial belaka, tapi juga sebagai
pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan pembangun peradaban bangsa.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1644129493800673773.post-87575771494077319962012-12-05T06:06:00.005-08:002012-12-05T15:28:45.979-08:005 Kebiasaan Tidur yang Berbahaya Tapi Sering DiremehkanSetelah lelah beraktivitas dan mencari nafkah seharian, malam hari
adalah saat yang paling tepat untuk beristirahat. Tubuh manusia juga
sebenarnya sudah memiliki mekanisme alami untuk merilekskan saraf-saraf
yang tegang lewat tidur.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Tak hanya itu, tidur sebenarnya merupakan elemen penting yang
memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencapai keberhasilan dalam hidup,
menurunkan berat badan dan memperpanjang umur. Banyak penelitian yang
menemukan bahwa kekurangan tidur dapat memicu berbagai gangguan
kesehatan.<br />
<br />
Tapi ada banyak orang yang meremehkan kebiasaan tidurnya, seperti yang dilansir Fox News, Sein (3/12/2012) berikut ini:<br />
<br />
1. Meremehkan jam tidur<br />
Setiap orang memiliki lama jam tidur yang berbeda. Walau demikian,
beberapa ahli menyarankan untuk tidur sebanyak 9 jam per hari.
Sayangnya, banyak orang yang mengalami kurang tidur kronis atau mengidap
gangguan tidur.<br />
<br />
Sebuah survei menemukan bahwa kebanyakan pengidap insomnia melakukan
aktivitas yang mengganggu 1 jam sebelum masuk ke tempat tidur, yaitu
menonton TV, mengoperasikan komputer dan melakukan pekerjaan rumah
tangga. Artinya, aktivitas-aktivitas itu besar kemungkinannya mengganggu
jam tidur.<br />
<br />
2. Kekurangan atau kebanyakan tidur<br />
National Health Interview Survey di AS menemukan bahwa orang dewasa yang
terbiasa tidur kurang dari 6 jam lebih mungkin merokok, kecanduan
alkohol, kurang olahraga, dan obesitas. Menariknya, orang dewasa yang
tidur lebih dari 9 jam juga sama-sama melakukan perilaku tidak sehat.<br />
<br />
Peneliti dari University College London menemukan bahwa kurang atau
kebanyakan tidur meningkatkan risiko kematian sebesar 2 kali lipat. Para
ilmuwan memang sudah yakin mengapa kurang tidur berakibat buruk bagi
jantung, namun penyebab mengapa kebanyakan tidur juga memiliki efek yang
sama masih menjadi misteri.<br />
<br />
3. Tidur tak sesuai dengan pergerakan matahari<br />
Cryptochromes adalah protein yang ditemukan pada setiap makhluk hidup di
bumi. Protein ini sensitif terhadap cahaya fajar dan senja serta
mempengaruhi jam biologis dan banyak ditemukan di mata serta kulit.
Dengan protein ini, tubuh manusia dapat mendeteksi sinar matahari bahkan
dengan mata tertutup.<br />
<br />
Cryptochromes mendeteksi sinar matahari dan mengurangi sinyal kelenjar
pineal pengubah serotonin sehingga membuat suasana hati meningkat
sepanjang hari, juga meningkatkan hormon melatonin agar tubuh dapat
beristirahat dengan baik. Inilah yang memungkinkan orang bangun segar di
pagi hari.<br />
<br />
4. Tidur dengan lampu menyala<br />
Hormon tidur atau melatonin dihambat oleh cahaya dan akan meningkat
seiring dengan gelap. Semakin lama terjaga, produksi melatonin akan
menurun dan berakibat buruk bagi kesehatan mental dan fisik. Penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa penuaan dini berkaitan dengan rendahnya kadar
melatonin saat tidur.<br />
<br />
Melatonin terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran dan memori, serta diduga
efektif untuk mengobati penyakit Alzheimer. Hormon ini dianggap sebagai
antioksidan kuat yang mampu melindungi DNA dari kerusakan radikal bebas
dan dapat mencegah perkembangan beberapa jenis kanker.<br />
<br />
5. Tidur kurang nyenyak<br />
Kekurangan tidur kronis dapat mengubah metabolisme glukosa. Kemampuan
tubuh untuk menghasilkan dan merespon insulin akan menurun sekitar 30
persen, mirip dengan tanda awal diabetes. Penelitian telah menunjukkan
bahwa kesulitan tidur nyenyak juga berhubungan dengan gangguan hormonal.<br />
<br />
Jadi yang paling penting bukanlah kuantitas tidurnya, melainkan
kualitasnya. Tidur yang kurang berkualitas akan meningkatkan kadar
kortisol, hormon stres yang bermanfaat, namun juga menjadi masalah jika
berlebihan. Kadar kortisol yang tinggi akan menurunkan testosteron,
merusak sistem imun, meningkatkan massa otot serta tekanan darah.<br />
<br />
Sumber: detik.com Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02495917188526989690noreply@blogger.com0